Exam 4 extra help

Question 1

somatic motor (causes contraction), stimulated during filling, inhibited during micturition

Answer 1

external urethral sphincter (skeletal)

Question 2

parasympathetic - calming after arousal (causes contraction), inhibited during filling, stimulated during micturition

Answer 2

detrusor muscle (smooth)

Question 3

sympathetic - arousal (causes contraction), stimulated during filling, inhibited during micturition

Answer 3

internal urethral sphincter (smooth)

Question 4

• active process
• occurs everywhere but in the descending limb
• ascending limb is permeable

Answer 4

Na (salt) reabsorption

Question 5

• osmosis
• dependent upon sodium reabsorption
• NaCl in the interstitial fluid will drive reabsorption
• descending limb is freely permeable

Answer 5

water reabsorption

Question 6

1.Disposing of drugs and drug metabolites
*this is why most drug tests are urine tests
2.Eliminating undesired substances or end products that have reabsorbed by passive processes (urea and uric acid).
3.Removing excess potassium ions
4.Controlling blood pH

Answer 6

Tubular secretion is an important mechanism for:

Question 7

• passive process
• more efficient filter bc has a larger SA & very permeable to water and solutes
• higher pressure

Answer 7

glomerular filtration

Question 8

water is drawn out by osmosis because the interstitial fluid is hypertonic (so it wants to go from H to L concentrations)
- impermeable to ions
- passive transport

Answer 8

descending limb

Question 9

• Na+ move from the thick portion to the epithelial cells via electrochemical gradient, this drives the secondary active transport of Cl- and K+.
• K+ diffuses back into filtrate, Na is pumped into interstitial fluid, Cl- passively follows
• active transport
• reabsoprtion of Na+, Cl-, K+
• impermeable to water

Answer 9

ascending limb