Module 15- Immune system

Question 1

• dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through the release of histamines and heparin
• recruits macrophages and neutrophils
• involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions
• location: connective tissues, mucus membranes

Answer 1

mast cells

Question 2

• a phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells
• stimulates response of other immune cells
• location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues

Answer 2

macrophage

Question 3

• presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity

-location: present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung & tissues of the digestive tract. Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation

Answer 3

dendritic cell

Question 4

• releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi, recruits other immune cells to the site of infection
• first responder at the site of infection or trauma
• location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues

Answer 4

neutrophil

Question 5

mature in bone marrow (B cells and NK cells) and thymus (T cells); activation in peripheral lymphoid organs

Answer 5

lymphocytes

Question 6

1. initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cells’ plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins
2. upon activation, are transformed into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
3. present antigen to helper T cells

Answer 6

B cells

Question 7

bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells

Answer 7

cytotoxic T cells

Question 8

secrete cytokines that help to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages

Answer 8

Helper T cells

Question 9

Defend against pathogens (viruses) and microbes (bacteria or fungal cells).

Also remove foreign bodies and destroy cancer cells within the body

Answer 9

overall function of the immune system

Question 10

Lymphocytes that recognize cells in adaptive immune responses

Answer 10

lymphoid (T & B cells)

Question 11

white blood cells that are able to leave circulatory system (between endothelial cells)
-two groups:
– (1) myeloid & lymphoid
– (2) lymphoid

Answer 11

leukocytes

Question 12

found in almost all organs and tissues, located where they encounter pathogens/ particles trying to enter the body

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

process phagocytized pathogens, main antigen-presenting cell to T cells

Answer 13

dendritic

Question 14

release histamine, help stimulate innate immune response

Answer 14

mast cells

Question 15

protein messengers (regulatory)
-produced by a variety of immune cells
-allows different immune system cells to “talk” to one another via chemical messages

Answer 15

cytokines

Question 16

vital to the timing of immune response

Answer 16

cross-talk

Question 17

a chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation (from and function), proliferation (production), and gene expression to affect immune responses

Answer 17

cytokine

Question 18

Lymphocyte development, cells are not activated by specific antigens yet.

Answer 18

primary lymphoid organs

Question 19

• bone marrow: produces ___
• thymus: produces ___

Answer 19

B cells; T cells

Question 20

activation
- mainly: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Answer 20

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 21

inherited general defense (nonspecific)

Answer 21

innate defense

Question 22

cells change throughout lifetime to combat pathogen

Answer 22

adaptive defense (specific)

Question 23

• stimulate production of specific antibodies
• are proteins or polysaccharides
• any molecule the host does not recognize as ‘self’

Answer 23

antigen

Question 24

recognize specific foreign molecules called antigens

Answer 24

lymphocytes

Question 25

- These defenses recognize some general signature making the invader as foreign (toll-like receptors) - Does not require memory, or past exposure- its inherited

Answer 25

Nonspecific defense first line of defense

Question 26

- Physical barriers (prevent) - Fever (symptoms) - Phagocytosis (symptoms) - Interferons

Answer 26

nonspecific defenses include

Question 27

1. encounter and recognition 2. lymphocyte activation 3. attack is launched

Answer 27

3 stages of adaptive immune response

Question 28

each lymphocyte presents a receptor for a specific antigen - lymphocyte receptor determined during development - once the specific antigen is recognized, it is bound to its lymphocyte

Answer 28

encounter and recognition

Question 29

- once antigen is bound, lymphocyte undergoes rapid mitotic division - some lymphocytes are used in attacking antigens, the rest are stored (memory cells)

Answer 29

lymphocyte activation

Question 30

- b cells differentiate to plasma cells and dump antibodies into circulation - cytotoxic t cells directly attack antigen

Answer 30

Attack is launched

Question 31

- mature in bone marrow - differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies

Answer 31

lymphocyte B cells

Question 32

B cells remain at the location of activation and send ___ ___ to travel through your body looking for specific antigens

Answer 32

plasma cells

Question 33

B cells trigger an ________: targets are bacteria, viruses, toxins

Answer 33

antibody-mediated responses

Question 34

only ___ antibody per plasma cell meaning one receptor unique to binding with that antigen -human body therefore has to have a lot of B cells to code for lots of different antigens

Answer 34

one

Question 35

the microbe to phagocytes. They do not do the killing themselves, they recognize - travel the fluids of the body (circulatory & lymphatic systems) to find pathogens

Answer 35

antibodies

Question 36

- mature in the thymus - receptors again are unique to one antigen - cell-mediated, need MHC & antigen to bind

Answer 36

lymphocyte T cells

Question 37

travel to targets and kill it by binding to the antigen and secreting chemicals - can occur to body's own cells that are infected or cancerous - kills viral and fungal infections

Answer 37

cytotoxic T cells

Question 38

assists the functions and activation of B cells through direct contact, assists cytotoxic T cells through helping other immune cells - without these cells, the B and T cells could not function adequately

Answer 38

helper T cell

Question 39

inhibits B and cytotoxic T cells - destroys own proteins, suppress inappropriate responses & prevent autoimmune diseases - people w autoimmune diseases may have problems w the these cells functioning correcting

Answer 39

regulatory T cell

Question 40

expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells

Answer 40

Class I MHC

Question 41

are expressed on the surface of macrophages, activated B cells, and dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)

Answer 41

class II MHC

Question 42

- antigens located intracellularly - T cell is focused on the destruction of body's own cells that are infected with viruses or cancerous - T cell kills the cell

Answer 42

Class I MHC proteins on cytotoxic T cells

Question 43

viruses cause ___ ___ to manufacture viral proteins

Answer 43

host cell

Question 44

___ ___ has genes altered that are coding for proteins not normally found in the body

Answer 44

cancerous cell

Question 45

1. antigen is phagocytized by antigen presenting cell in a nonspecific response & broken down 2. antigen fragments bind to MHC II 3. vesicle presents MHC + antigen complex on the surface of antigen presenting cell 4. T cell now recognizes antigen as foreign and cytokines are released

Answer 45

class II MHC proteins on helper T cells

Question 46

- After first contact with antigen a slow production of antibodies occurs, including production of memory cells - Generally takes 10-17 days to occur after exposure - Symptoms of illness occurs during these days

Answer 46

primary immune response (1st exposure)

Question 47

- All other exposure - Next contact with that antigen produces quick production and action of the antibodies - Takes hours to 7 days to occur - Occurs due to memory cells

Answer 47

secondary immune response

Question 48

resistance to infection due to contact with microorganisms and toxins or antigens

Answer 48

active immunity

Question 49

___ is the introduction of a microorganism or its antigens which induces an immune response including production of memory cells

Answer 49

vaccine

Question 50

inactivated pathogens, antigenically similar but less harmful, genetically engineered

Answer 50

forms vaccines come in

Question 51

transfer of antibodies from one person to another - A mother to fetus/baby - Intravenous for autoimmune or cancer patients

Answer 51

passive immunity

Question 52

1. macrophage breaks down bacteria 2. T cell recognizes antigen after it has bound to MHC protein 3. helper T cell binds to it 4. helper t sends out messages - cytokines 5. B cell in this case responds 6. B cell encounters antigen 7. memory cells store 8. plasma cells make antibodies 9. antibodies bind to antigens 10. Killer T cells then bind and destroy

Answer 52

summary of immunity

Question 53

Chemical mediators (mast cells producing histamine) dilate vessels in infected/ damaged areas. At these locations the membranes of the capillaries/ venules become ______ - this allows increased blood flow and increased proteins participating in the inflammation

Answer 53

permeable to proteins

Question 54

the vasodilation and protein permeability cases increased fluid-edema, which is the ___

Answer 54

swelling

Question 55

(a type of myeloid cell) enters the inflamed area - first to arrive - this is an example of the leukocytes moving out of the circulatory system

Answer 55

neutrophil

Question 56

(multistage process of cells moving and adhering in the injured area) - one neutrophil is attached to endothelial cells, messengers act on the neutrophil and another adhesion molecule attaches to endothelial cell allowing neutrophils to begin collecting - next, diapedesis, there it migrates to the site of damage

Answer 56

Chemotaxis (process. of aggregating & activation your innate cells beg. with neutrophils

Question 57

where the neutrophil squeezes itself into the interstitial fluid

Answer 57

diapedesis

Question 58

- bone marrow: produces ___ - thymus: produces ___

Answer 58

B cells; T cells