exam 5

Question 1

Surgical puncture of a joint to collect synovial fluid.

Answer 1

arthrocentesis

Question 2

What is normal synovial fluid appearance?

Answer 2

Clear, pale yellow, viscous

Question 3

What do low synovial glucose levels indicate?

Answer 3

Infection or inflammation (bacteria + WBCs consume glucose).

Question 4

A metabolic disorder caused by elevated serum uric acid leading to urate crystal deposition.

Answer 4

gout

Question 5

What happens to serum uric acid levels in gout?

Answer 5

increase

Question 6

What are the 2 primary crystals in synovial fluid?

Answer 6

MSU (monosodium urate)
CPPD (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Question 7

crystals found in synovial fluid that are needle-shaped, negatively birefringent; indicates gout

Answer 7

MSU (monosodium urate)

Question 8

crystals that are found in synovial fluid that are rhomboid, positively birefringent; indicate Pseudogout

Answer 8

CPPD (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Question 9

What is the Mucin Clot Test called?

Answer 9

rope test

Question 10

why is the mucin clot test (rope test) performed?

Answer 10

measures hyaluronic acid quality (viscosity)

Question 11

Excess fluid in a joint cavity.

Answer 11

effusion

Question 12

low protein, low cells; systemic cause.

Answer 12

transudate

Question 13

high protein, high cells; inflammatory/infectious cause.

Answer 13

exudate

Question 14

Milky fluid containing chylomicrons (lymphatic obstruction).

Answer 14

chylous

Question 15

White, rice-like structures seen in Rheumatoid arthritis or TB

Answer 15

rice bodies

Question 16

what is tumor marker CEA used for?

Answer 16

GI cancers

Question 17

what is tumor marker CA 125 used for?

Answer 17

ovarian cancer

Question 18

Protects fetus, allows movement, lung development, temperature regulation.

Answer 18

amniotic fluid

Question 19

When/why does amniotic fluid normally increase?

Answer 19

2nd–3rd trimester due to fetal urine production.

Question 20

How to preserve bilirubin in amniotic fluid?

Answer 20

protect from light

Question 21

Why run creatinine on amniotic fluid?

Answer 21

To determine fetal age/maturity

Question 22

Decreased amniotic fluid volume

Answer 22

oligohydramnios.

Question 23

Increased amniotic fluid volume.

Answer 23

polyhydramnios

Question 24

green amniotic fluid means what?

Answer 24

meconium

Question 25

yellow amniotic fluid means what?

Answer 25

bilirubin (HDN)

Question 26

red amniotic fluid means what?

Answer 26

blood contamination

Question 27

dark red brown amniotic fluid means what?

Answer 27

fetal death

Question 28

Detects amniotic fluid using ferning crystallization pattern (ruptured membranes)

Answer 28

fern test

Question 29

Maternal IgG antibodies cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs (usually Rh or ABO incompatibility).

Answer 29

HDN

Question 30

What is measured with spectrophotometer & Liley graph?

Answer 30

Bilirubin ΔOD450 in amniotic fluid to determine HDN severity.

Question 31

What is the concern with underdevelopment in premature labor?

Answer 31

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 32

What do lamellar bodies measure? Normal range?

Answer 32

Surfactant storage granules >50,000/µL = mature

Question 33

What does the L/S ratio test for?

Answer 33

surfactant maturity ≥ 2.0 = mature lungs

Question 34

what test detects neural tube defects in amniotic fluid.

Answer 34

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 35

Why use KOH prep?

Answer 35

Dissolves epithelial cells to enhance yeast visibility.

Question 36

What is normal vaginal flora?

Answer 36

Lactobacillus (produces lactic acid, keeps pH low)

Question 37

What is the whiff test?

Answer 37

KOH added → fishy odor → positive for BV.

Question 38

What are clue cells and what do they indicate?

Answer 38

Epithelial cells coated with bacteria → Gardnerella vaginalis (BV)

Question 39

What is a fetal fibronectin test? Why done?

Answer 39

Detects fetal fibronectin in vaginal secretions. Used to predict preterm labor when positive.

Question 40

normal vaginal fluid appearance?

Answer 40

clear/white, low viscosity.

Question 41

abnormal vaginal fluid appearance?

Answer 41

Yellow-green (Trichomonas) Gray/white thin (BV) Thick curdy white (Candida)