Exam One

Question 1

What generates new daughter cells?

Answer 1

Cell division

Question 2

What allows us to observe cells and their functions

Answer 2

Microscopes

Question 3

Cells are both _______ and _________

Answer 3

complex; dynamic

Question 4

What are the two fundamental classes of cells?

Answer 4

Eukaryote and Prokaryote

Question 5

Where did Eukaryotes evolved from?

Answer 5

They evolved from Prokaryotes

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells contains _________ and are _________.

Answer 6

organelles; membrane bound.

Question 7

What are cells?

Answer 7

Cells are complex environments that allow many chemical task to be performed.

Question 8

How do cells respond to stimuli?

Answer 8

through signaling

Question 9

Steps of cell responding to stimuli

Answer 9

1. reception
2. transduction
3. response

Question 10

What is catabolism and why is it important?

Answer 10

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules. This relates energy making it crucial

Question 11

What is anabolism and why is it important?

Answer 11

Anabolism is a set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller unites. This is important because it is energetically expensive

Question 12

Mitosis is the process of _________ and ________ in order to create _______ number of chromosomes as parental cell.

Answer 12

growth and renewal; equal

Question 13

Meiosis is the process of __________ order to create ___________.

Answer 13

reproduction; Daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as parent.

Question 14

What major item can be found inside of the nucleus?

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

Where is the site of macromolecule digestion

Answer 15

Lysosome

Question 16

Where is the site of protein and lipid manufacturing

Answer 16

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

Which site is know for storing, modifying and transporting proteins.

Answer 17

Golgi Complex

Question 18

Where is site of chemical energy synthesis?

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

_________ lack membrane bound organelles.

Answer 19

Prokaryotes

Question 20

Which structure or process mediates the exchange of materials between the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and the outside of the cell.

Answer 20

Transport vesicles

Question 21

Which term best describes a pair of genes that derived from a common ancestral gene?

Answer 21

homologous

Question 22

many proteins can be located in fixed or living cells by

Answer 22

fluorescent microscope

Question 23

What are the three domains in the tree of life

Answer 23

archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 24

All cells are enclosed by a ___________ which seperates the inside of the cell from its environment

Answer 24

cell membrane

Question 25

What is a drawback using a light microscope

Answer 25

It cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium

Question 26

in eukaryotic cells where are the proteins and lipids made

Answer 26

in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

What is a drawback to using a light microscope?

Answer 27

It cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium

Question 28

what are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 28

Amino Acids

Question 29

What is a drawback to using an electron microscope

Answer 29

It cannot be used to look at alive cells

Question 30

Important class of lipids that is build around a 4 ring hydrocarbon

Answer 30

steroids

Question 31

What is the structure of an amino acid

Answer 31

Carboxyl Group, Amino Group, Center Carbon atom(alpha carbon), and R group (side chain) that changes

Question 32

All amino acids have....

Answer 32

- A Full name - A three letter abbreviation - A on letter abbreviation

Question 33

Example of Amino acid is Alanine, what are the abbreviations?

Answer 33

Ala, A

Question 34

Example of Polar Charged Amino Acid

Answer 34

Aspartic Acid (Asp, D)

Question 35

Another example of a polar charged amino acid

Answer 35

Lysine (Lys or K)

Question 36

aspartic acid contains a _________.

Answer 36

carboxyl group

Question 37

Lysine contains a ________.

Answer 37

Amino group

Question 38

Example of polar uncharged amino acids

Answer 38

Serine and Tyrosine

Question 39

Serine and _______ contain _________

Answer 39

tyrosine, HYDROXYL GROUPS

Question 40

Examples of Nonpolar amino acids

Answer 40

Valine and Alanine

Question 41

Important nonpolar side chain ______

Answer 41

Cysteine

Question 42

In a reducing environment how does Cysteine act

Answer 42

– Free sulfhydryl groups – Present in the cytoplasm

Question 43

In a oxidizing environment how does Cysteine act

Answer 43

- Forms covalent bonds with another cys residue (disulfide bond) – Present in the extracellular space, ER, mitochondria, Golgi

Question 44

The structure of a protein is crucial because it determines its _____________.

Answer 44

function

Question 45

If a protein loses it 3D structure it will lose ___________

Answer 45

its function.

Question 46

Name some noncovalent bonds that help folding

Answer 46

Hydrogen Bonds, Van Der waals interactions, electrostatic attractions

Question 47

example of a protein chaperone

Answer 47

Heat Shock Protein 70

Question 48

what bonds form between residues

Answer 48

peptide bonds

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of cell theory?

Answer 49

Cells can spontaneously arise from nonorganic material

Question 50

The theory of endosymbiosis (endosymbiont theory) BEST explains

Answer 50

The origin of Eukaryotes

Question 51

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic property of cells

Answer 51

Cells always create identical copies of themselves

Question 52

Which of the following is the limit of resolution for a human eye and a light microscope? A. 200 nanometers for the human eye, 200 nanometers for light microscope B. 200 meters for the human eye, 200 centimeters for light microscope C. 200 nanometers for the human eye, 200 micrometers for the light microscope D. 200 millimeters for the human eye, 200 nanometers for the light microscope E. 200 micrometers for the human eye, 200 nanometers for the light microscope

Answer 52

Answer is E. WATCH FOR UNITS

Question 53

which of the following is the strongest attractive force between atoms? A. Hydrogen Bonds B. Van Der Waals interactions C. Covalent bonds D. Ionic bonds in water E. All have similar bon strength

Answer 53

Answer is C covalent bonds

Question 54

In a cell, where are strong ionic bonds most likely to be found? A. In the cytoplasm B. On the surface of a protein C. On the surface of a lipid D. Between DNA strands E. Deep in a proteins core where water is excluded

Answer 54

Answer is E

Question 55

Where are hydrophobic interactions most likely to occur? A. between 2 ions B. between 2 charged molecules C. On the surface of water-soluble protein D. the core of a water soluble protein E. In contact with water molecules

Answer 55

Answer is D

Question 56

What is the most abundant class of biological organic molecules in cells, on a weight basis?

Answer 56

Biological macromolecules

Question 57

Complete hydrolysis of glycogen will result _______ monomers, while complete hydrolysis of cellulose will result in _________ monomers

Answer 57

Alpha D-glucose; Beta D-glucose

Question 58

Which amino acid residue would be most likely to occur on the surface of a water-soluble protein? A. Valine B. Phenylalanine C. Serine D. Alanine E. Tryptophan

Answer 58

Answer is C serine because

Question 59

The alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of ________ and, and unlike an unstructured part of the polypeptide chain is stabilized by _____________.

Answer 59

Secondary Structure; hydrogen bonds

Question 60

Which of these is a molecule that helps protein folding? A. Foldins B. All the Above C. Escort proteins D. Chaperone Proteins

Answer 60

D is the correct answer

Question 61

During Griffiths experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia in mice, material from _______ bacteria transformed ___________ bacteria.

Answer 61

Heat-killed virulent, living nonvirulent

Question 62

Avery and his colleagues' 1944 experiment showed that DNA

Answer 62

was the substance that transformed the bacteria in Griffiths experiment

Question 63

The MAIN conclusion of Christian Anfinsen's experiments on ribonuclease A was that:

Answer 63

The primary structure of an amino acid contains all information needed to correctly fold the protein

Question 64

What kind of enzyme removes phosphate groups from other molecules?

Answer 64

Phosphatases

Question 65

An inhibitor binds to an enzyme and directly prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme ( the inhibitor binds the same spot as the substrate). This inhibitor is an example of a(n) ___________ inhibitor.

Answer 65

Competitive

Question 66

What is the single most abundant molecule in a cell?

Answer 66

water

Question 67

What is the only covalent bond used to stabilize tertiary structure of a protein (between different parts of the polypeptide chain) and what amino acid(s) are used to form this bond?

Answer 67

Disulfide bonds between 2 cysteine residues

Question 68

what are the two classes on nitrogenous bases?

Answer 68

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 69

What are the 2 types of purines called?

Answer 69

-guanine -adenine

Question 70

what are the 3 types of pyrimidines called?

Answer 70

-cytosine -Thymine(DNA) -Uracil(RNA)

Question 71

Whats the benefit purines have on pyrimidines

Answer 71

they allow for binding

Question 73

How are base pairs joined to ribose sugars

Answer 73

By glycosidic linkage

Question 74

You must CUT paper to make a pyramid. What are the three different types of pyramidines?

Answer 74

Cytosine Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA)

Question 75

What are the two purines

Answer 75

Adenine and guanine

Question 76

How is the DNA strand held together

Answer 76

Through hydrogen bonding

Question 77

How long is the DNA molecule in width

Answer 77

2nm

Question 78

The telomere allows the end of chromosome to be ________.

Answer 78

Duplicated

Question 79

The centromere provides site for ________ chromosomes to be separated during _______.

Answer 79

Duplicated; mitosis

Question 80

The components of a nucleotide are

Answer 80

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Question 81

Which of these is a purine? 1. Cytosine 2. Guanine 3.Thymine 4. Uracil

Answer 81

Guanine; the rest are prymindines

Question 82

what is the enzyme that adds free nucleotides in replicating DNA

Answer 82

DNA Polymerase

Question 83

What is the function of the telomere?

Answer 83

Allows the end of the chromosome to be duplicated

Question 84

What is the replication origin function

Answer 84

provide site for start of replication

Question 85

What is the centromere function?

Answer 85

provides site for duplicated chromosome to be separated in mitosis