3 steps to cell signaling
- reception
- transduction
- response
Fast type of cell signaling would be
muscle contraction
slow type of cell signaling would be
cell divison
signal relay
carries info from one sit to another
signal amplification
one ligand can create many activated signaling molecules
________ binds the receptor
ligand
receptors are located on
- plasma membrane
- intracellular location
What type of cells will respond to signals
only cells that have receptors
Endocrine signaling
- usually long distances
- via bloodsteam
- “public broadcast”
Neuronal Signaling
- usually long distances
- more targeted release of signaling molecules
- less public (telephone)
Paracrine Signaling
- signaling to nearby cells
- signaling molecule released into extracellular fluid
- “local conversation”
Autocrine Signaling
- A cell activates its own signaling
- “talking to yourself”
Contact dependent signaling
- signaling molecule on membrane of one cell
- requires physical contact
- “hankshake”
Where does glycolysis occur?
a. On the cristae
b. In the endoplasmic reticulum
c. In the cytosol
d. In the mitochondrial matrix
e. In the intermembrane space
the cytosol
How many total molecules of ATP are synthesized from ADP via glycolysis of a single molecule of glucose?
a. 36
b. 2
c. 4
d. 38
c) 4
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule during the steps of glycolysis?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4
e. 6
a) 0
What is one of the main functions of fermentation of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
a. To generate additional ATP
b. To generate additional ADP
c. To replenish NADH
d. To replenish NAD+
e. None of the above
d) to replenish NAD+
Focusing on JUST the Krebs/TCA/Citric acid/ tricarboxylic acid cycle, electrons are extracted from metabolites and
used to do what?
a. Reduction of ATP and GTP
b. Reduction of NAD+ and FAD
c. Oxidation of NAD+ and FAD
d. Oxidation of ATP and GTP
b) reduction of NAD+ and FAD
Starting with a single pyruvate molecule, how molecules of CO2 are produced as waste during the pre-step reactions
prior to the Krebs cycle?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4
b) 1
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
a. On the cristae
b. In the endoplasmic reticulum
c. In the cytosol
d. In the mitochondrial matrix
e. In the intermembrane space
d) in the mitochondrial matrix
What molecule shuttles electrons between complex III and Complex IV?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Cytochrome C
d. FMN
e. Ubiquinone
c) cytochrome C
Imagine you discover a mitochondrion that contains a different version of complex I of the electron chain. This new
complex I can still transport electrons but is unable to transport protons across the inner membrane. All other
components of the electron transport chain function as usual. Which of these following statements is most likely to be
true regarding transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron
a. Transfer of electrons from NADH would be unlikely to generate any ATP
b. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate more ATP than from FADH2
c. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate less ATP than from FADH2
d. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate the same amount ATP as from FADH2
d. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate the same amount ATP as from FADH2
Following the fate of a single glucose molecule, how many NADH molecules are created during glycolysis, the TCA
presteps, AND the TCA cycle?
4 total
how many NADH are made during glycolysis
2
