BIO 1203 > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

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1
Q

All the energy in the world come from what source?

A

The sun! 🌞

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2
Q

Define potential energy and kinetic energy in the simplest way possible:

A

Potential = energy that can be used
Kinetic = energy that is in motion

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3
Q

How many laws of thermodynamics are there?

A

Two

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4
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted. [during every conversion, some energy is lost as heat]

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5
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy (the likeliness of randomness) increases.

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6
Q

How do you define free energy?

A

Free energy is the energy that is available (free) to do work.

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7
Q

ΔG

A

Change in free energy.

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8
Q

Positive ΔG

A

Not spontaneous, requires input of energy, products have more free energy than reactants = endergonic.

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9
Q

Negative ΔG

A

Spontaneous, doesn’t require input of energy, reactants have more free energy than reactants = exergonic.

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10
Q

How would you define activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the energy required to start up a reaction.

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11
Q

How do you increase the rate activation energy?

A

Increasing energy by heating up molecules, or simply lowering the energy needed to increase the rate.

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12
Q

What does ATP stand for & what is its structure?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate = five carbon sugar, adenine, chain of three phosphates.

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13
Q

What’s better for short term energy and what’d better for long term?

A

Short term = ATP, long term = fats and carbs.

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14
Q

ATP + H2O =

A

ADP + Pi

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15
Q

The active site of a substrate is where

A

the enzyme binds.

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16
Q

When an enzyme and a substrate combine, it creates a complex.

A

This is called an induced fit because it lowers activation energy.

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17
Q

Two factors that can affect how the enzyme works include:

A

temperature & pH.

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18
Q

Inhibitors are substances that

A

bind with the enzyme to decrease its activity.

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19
Q

There are two types of inhibitors:

A

competitive and noncompetitive.

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20
Q

A competitive inhibitor works by?

A

It works by competing with the substrate to bind to the active site.

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21
Q

A noncompetitive inhibitor works by?

A

It works by bind to the enzyme to the allosteric site (everything other than the active site), which makes the substrate’s shape change.

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22
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

are enzymes that exist in both active and inactive forms.

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibitors

A

bind to the allosteric site and reduce enzyme activity.

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24
Q

Allosteric activators

A

bind to the allosteric site and increase the enzyme activity.

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25
What are cofactors and where are they found?
Cofactors assist enzymes and can be metal ions. They're often found in the active site.
26
What are coenzymes and how are they related to cofactors?
Coenzymes are vitamins, and cofactors are a type of coenzyme.
27
What does metabolism entail? What is a simple definition for it?
Metabolism includes both anabolic and catabolic reactions. Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism.
28
How are biochemical pathways related to enzyme-substrate complexes?
Reactions occur in a sequence. so the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next.
29
What role does feedback inhibition play in biochemical pathways?
The end product of the pathway increases in concentration as it is synthesized.
30
Could an enzyme from earlier in the pathway connect again to the substrate to speed up the reaction?
No, because the steps in the middle have affected and changed the shape of the substrate.
31
If an organism makes their own food, what are they considered?
Autotrophs.
32
If an organism obtains energy through other organisms, what are they considered?
Heterotrophs.
33
What is the difference between dehydrogenation and decarboxylation?
When a hydrogen atom is lost, a proton is also lost. - When carbon is released, it's released in the form of CO2.
34
What are the four steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, ETC/Chemiosmosis
35
What happens in glycolysis? What are the inputs and outputs?
Glycolysis is a ten step biochemical pathway and occurs in the cytoplasm. It converts one glucose molecule into 2 pyruvates. Other outputs include 2 ATP + 2 NADH.
36
What backup step could happen if oxygen isn't available?
Fermentation; it allows an organic molecule to be the final electron acceptor.
37
What are the two types of fermentation that exist and what do they occur in?
Ethanol fermentation (occurs in yeast) + Lactic acid fermentation (occurs in animal cells)
38
What happens in pyruvate oxidation? What are the inputs and outputs?
If its in prokaryotes, this happens at the plasma membrane, but if its in eukaryotes, it happens in the mitochondria. It take the pyruvates and turns them into Acetyl CoA. Other outputs include 2 CO2 + 2 NADH.
39
What happens in the citric acid cycle? What are the inputs and outputs?
Takes the Acetyl CoA and a oxaloacetate and oxidizes it to release 2 ATP, 2 FAD, 4 CO2, + 6 NADH.
40
What happens in the ETC and chemiosmosis? What are the inputs and outputs?
2 FADH2, 4 ATP, 6 CO2, + 10 NADH go into the ETC and chemiosmosis to generate 30 - 32 ATP.
41
There are two key control points within cellular respiration, where are they located?
In glycolysis and the point between pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
42
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions, then light-independent reactions.
43
Factors of light-dependent reactions:
they require light, capture energy from sunlight, make ATP, and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
44
Factors of light-independent reactions:
they do not require light, and they use ATP + NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2
45
Define pigments:
molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range.
46
Photons are
particles of light. They act as a discrete bundle of energy.
47
What is the photoelectric effect?
This is when an electron is removed from a molecule by light.
48
The absorption spectrum is the
range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing.
49
There are only two pigments that are used in green plant photosynthesis. What are they?
Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.
50
What are the two types of chlorophylls?
Chlorophyll a: the main pigment of plants, the only one that can act directly to convert light energy to chemical energy. This absorbs violet-blue and red light. Chlorophyll b: this pigment acts as a accessory/secondary pigment, absorbing light that a does not.
51
What exactly do carotenoids do?
Carotenoids can absorb photons with a wide range of energies.
52
We know that to capture light, plants have photosystems. What are the components of photosystems?
1. Antenna complex: has hundreds of accessory pigment molecules and gathers photons to capture the light energy that can then be fed to the reaction center. 2. Reaction center: 1 or more chlorophyll a molecules, passing out excited electrons out of the photosystem.
53
What are the steps of light-dependent reactions?
1. Primary photo event 2. Charge separation 3. Electron transport 4. Chemiosmosis
54
What exactly is cyclic photophosphorylation?
It generates ATP via electron transport!
55
How many photosystems do chloroplasts have?
Photosystem 1 = P700 Photosystem 2 = P680
56
How do photosystems 1 and 2 work together?
The two photosystems are connected by the cytochrome b6f complex. 1 transfers electrons, then 2 replaces the electrons lost. Then, 2 oxidizes water to replace the electrons.
57
What exactly is noncyclic photophosphorylation?
Plants use both photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH, so the path of electrons is not a circle. They're actually replenished by splitting water.
58
Photosynthetic chemiosmosis:
the electrochemical gradient can be used to synthesize ATP!
59
How many carbons are fixed through one round of the Calvin cycle?
One
60
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
61
How many turns does it take to create a new G3P? A new glucose?
3, 6
62
What is NOT a direct product of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose.
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