BIO 1203 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory Statement One:

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

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2
Q

Cell Theory Statement Two:

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Cell Theory Statement Three:

A

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.

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4
Q

All cells have what?

A

Nucleoid/nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer).

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5
Q

The two domains of prokaryotes would be

A

archaea and bacteria.

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6
Q

Prokaryotes have no what?

A

No nucleus.

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7
Q

Are prokaryotes the most simple organisms or the most complex?

A

The most simple! They lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, DNA is found in the nucleoid.

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8
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan.

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9
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They target the bacterial cell walls.

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10
Q

Are eukaryotes the most simple organisms or the most complex?

A

The most complex! They have a membrane-bound nucleus & hallmark is compartmentalization.

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11
Q

What’s the purpose of the cytoskeleton for the cell?

A

Ensures support and maintains the cellular structure.

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12
Q

Animal and plant cells are both what type of cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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13
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

A large central vacuole, chloroplasts (to make their own food), and a cell wall.

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14
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The repository of the genetic information.

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15
Q

What’s the function of the nucleolus?

A

This is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis takes place!

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16
Q

What makes up the nuclear envelope?

A

Two phospholipid bilayers.

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17
Q

What controls what goes in and out of the nuclear envelope, and how does it do it?

A

Nuclear pores and they control the movement of what goes in and out.

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18
Q

What is the shape and count of DNA in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: Singular circular chromosome.
Eukaryotes: Multiple linear chromosomes.

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19
Q

Chromosomes + Protein =

A

Chromatin.

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20
Q

What are the three types of ribosomes?

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

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21
Q

What does rRNA stand for and what does it do?

A

Ribosomal RNA, a protein complex.

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22
Q

What does mRNA stand for and what does it do?

A

Messenger RNA, carries genetic instructions for the DNA.

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23
Q

What does tRNA stand for and what does it do?

A

Transfer RNA, acts as an adapter for protein synthesis.

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24
Q

What do ribosomes in general do?

A

They help with synthesis of proteins. They’re found in all cell types within all three domains.

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25
Where can ribosomes be found?
Can be found roaming around in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes.
26
Endomembrane System:
A series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm, helps with organization of the cell.
27
The endomembrane system can be found in only
eukaryotic cells, because hallmark is compartmentalization.
28
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER = The ER in which ribosomes are attached, allowing proteins to the be synthesized/secreted, then sent to either lysosomes or plasma membrane.
29
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
SER = The ER in which ribosomes can rarely be found, therefore allowing lipids to be synthesized here. It also stores Ca2+ detoxification.
30
Golgi Apparatus is considered the UPS of the cell because it transports molecules. How many phases does it have and what does each one do?
Cis face - entering the Golgi Apparatus Trans face - exiting the Golgi Apparatus
31
What do vesicles do through the Golgi apparatus?
They help transport molecules to the destination.
32
Lysosomes (Let's not Litter) are in charge of what?
Recycling old organelles and help catalyze the breakdown of macromolecules. Also membrane-bound.
33
Peroxisomes
Help with the oxidation of fatty acids (releases hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct). Also membrane-bound.
34
What are differences in the vacuoles for plants, fungi, and protists?
Plants have central vacuoles for structure, and fungi/protists have contractile vacuoles. Also membrane-bound.
35
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell! What are they composed of?
Outer membrane, intermembrane space, cristae (inner membrane folds), and the matrix.
36
Chloroplasts are known to be in plant cells, allowing them to make food for themself. What exactly helps them conduct photosynthesis?
The presence of chlorophyll.
37
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
Grana found within the membrane; grana are stacks of thylakoids.
38
What exactly is the dynamic system of the cytoskeleton?
It means it is constantly forming and disassembling.
39
What are the three components of the cytoskeletion?
Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.
40
Centrosomes are the region surrounding what?
Surrounding centrioles, allowing microtubules to be organized. Animals and most protists have these.
41
Cells move by using either
actin filaments or microtubules.
42
Cancer cells spread through
crawling using actin filaments.
43
What are fungi cell walls made up of?
Chitin.
44
What are plant/protist cell walls made up of?
Cellulose.
45
Since animals don't have cell walls,
they have the extracellular matrix (ECM).
46
How is the ECM and cytoskeleton linked/connected together?
Through integrins.
47
What are glycolipids and glycoproteins made for?
They're put in place on the surface so that other cells can identify them (for identity).
48
Tight junctions:
sealed, prevent leakage.
49
Adhesive Junctions:
aka desmosomes; anchors cells together.
50
Gap Junctions:
act like communication channels.
51
Plasmodesmata:
the plant version of gap junctions.
52
Cellular membranes have four components:
1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Transmembrane proteins 3. Interior protein network 4. Cell-surface marker
53
The membrane becomes more fluid if...
the fatty acids are unsaturated and/or warm temperatures.
54
The membrane becomes less fluid if...
the fatty acids are saturated and/or col temperatures.
55
Membrane proteins have various functions:
transporters, enzymes, cell surface receptors, cell surface identity markers, cell to cell adhesion proteins, attachment to cytoskeleton, affect membrane structure.
56
Where could the transmembrane proteins be found?
They span across the lipid bilayer.
57
What are the core concepts of passive transport?
No energy is required and molecules will move in response to a concentration gradient.
58
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from _____ concentration to _____ concentration.
high, low.
59
If molecules are transported across the membrane using facilitated distribution, that means they
needed help of either channel or carrier proteins to be moved.
60
The difference between channel and carrier proteins is that
channel proteins work when the hydrophilic channel is open & carrier proteins actually bind to the molecule that they're assisting.
61
Osmosis is a form of passive transport in which water is a solvent. The net diffusion of the water moves toward
a higher solute concentration.
62
A hypertonic solution means there is more solute outside of the cell,
causing the cell to shrink.
63
A hypotonic solution means there is more solute inside of the cell,
causing the cell to swell/burst.
64
If there is an equal amount of solute and solvent, the solution is
considered to be isotonic.
65
There is a specified channel for water that facilitates osmosis in the cell membrane:
aquaporins.
66
What are the core concepts of active transport?
It requires energy, moves substances from low to high concentration, and requires the use of highly selective carrier proteins.
67
There are three specific carrier proteins;
uniporter, symporter, antiporter.
68
Uniporters:
move one molecule at a time.
69
Symporters:
move two molecules in the same direction.
70
Antiporters:
move two molecules in different directions.
71
The sodium-potassium pump is a prime example of active transport. How does it work?
It pushes out 3 sodium (Na+) and brings in 2 potassium (K+).
72
Bulk transport is a key category of active transport. What falls underneath bulk transport?
Endocytosis + Exocytosis.
73
Tell me everything you know about endocytosis:
This is when substances move into the cell, and if it's a solid, it's considered phagocytosis, and if it's a liquid, it's considered pinocytosis. It requires energy because it falls under active transport. if it's receptor-mediated, that means the molecules are only taken in once they bind to a receptor.
74
Tell me everything you know about exocytosis:
This is when substances move out of the cell. It requires energy because it falls under active transport.
BIO 1203
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