Cardiopulmonary > Exam Two: Lab Values > Flashcards

Exam Two: Lab Values Flashcards

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1
Q

Class One HF

A

no limits of PA
Max METTs = 6.5

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2
Q

Class 2 HF

A

slight limitation of PA, no sx at rest
Max METs = 4.5

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3
Q

Class 3 HF

A

marked limits of PA, no sx at rest
Max METs = 3

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4
Q

class 4 HF

A

symptoms at rest, unable to complete PA
Max METS = 1.5

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5
Q

systolic BP should increase ____ to ____ with each MET of activity

A

5-10

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6
Q

MAP needs to be greater than _____ and less than _____ for your pt to be appropriate for PT

A

65
120

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7
Q

High WBC count is called…

A

leukocytosis

  • can be due to infection, stress, allergy, smoking, surgery
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8
Q

Low WBC count is called….

A

leukopenia

*can be due to bone marrow failure, radiation, chemo, HIV

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9
Q

how many pts with high WBC count present

A

fever
malaise
lethargy
bleeding
bruising
weight loss

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10
Q

how many pts with low WBC count present

A

anemia
weakness
fatigue
fever
HA
SOB

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11
Q

what can cause increased RBCs (polycythemia) and hemoglobin?

A

dehydration
right HF
COPD
smoking

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12
Q

crtitical values for hemoglobin

A

<7
>20

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13
Q

causes of decreased hematocrit

A

anemia
fluid overload
bleeding

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14
Q

causes for increased hematocrit

A

heart defects
severe dehydration
hypoxia
smoking

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15
Q

critical values for hematocrit

A

<20%
>60%

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16
Q

sx of low hematocrit

A

pallor
dizziness
cold hands/feet
angina
arrhythmia
dyspnea

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17
Q

sx of high hematocrit

A

fever
HA
dizziness
weakness
fatigue
easy bruising/bleeding

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18
Q

high platelets called? symptoms?

A

thrombocytosis
>450000
sx: weakness, HA, dizziness, chest pain, tingling in hands/feet

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19
Q

low platelets

A

thrombocytopenia
<150000
sx: petechiae, ecchymosis, fatigue, bleeding risk, jaundice

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20
Q

what is INR used for?

A

monitor warfarin

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21
Q

what is activated partial thromboplastin time used for?

A

monitor heparin and enocaparin (Lovenox)

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22
Q

what does prothrombin time measure

A

time it takes for plasma of the blood to clot

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23
Q

normal prothrombin time

A

11-13 sec

values 1-2x normal range is considered therapeutic

memory trick: prothrombin think PT > preteen > 11-13 y/o

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24
Q

a prothrombin time of greater than _____ seconds is “risk of bleeding”

A

25

memory trick: those pre-teens from earlier think anyone past the age of 25 is old

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25
normal partial thromboplsatin time
21-35 seconds values 2-2.5 times the normal range is therapeutic
26
if partial thromboplastin time is greater than _____ seconds there is high risk for spontaneous bleed
70 seconds
27
normal HDL
males >40 females >50
28
normal LDL
less than 100
29
normal triglycerides
<150
30
normal total cholesterol
<200
31
normal sodium
134-142
32
hyponatrmia causes and symptoms
- causes by diuretics, dehydration, over hydration, chronic diarrhea, HF - s/s = confusion, weakness, cramps/spasms, HA, convulsions, irritability
33
people experiencing hypernatrmia are most often also _______
hypovolemic! common in elderly who don't drink water
34
s/s hypernatrmia
swelling increased thirst lack of urination cramps/spasms weakness impaired cognition
35
what does potassium affect
excitability of the heart, muscle, and nerves
36
what can abnormal values of potassium cause?
arrhythmias
37
hypokalemia causes and symptoms
- caused by NG suctioning, diuretics, diarrhea, cushing's syndrome - s/s = flattened t-wave, arrhythmias, clammy skin, tetany, weakness, abdominal distention, resp failure
38
hyperkalemia causes and symptoms
- caused by sever cell destruction (trauma) - s/s = flaccid paralysis, peaked t-waves, shortened Q-T wave interval
39
what is calcium important for
regulating normal cell signals
40
normal calcium range
8.6 - 10.3
41
hypocalcemia causes and symptoms
- caused by impaired parathyroid hormone or vitamin D production, poor diet, ETOH abuse, pancreatitis - s/s = AMS, hyperreflexiua, seizures, muscle cramps, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, paresthesia, prolonged QT interval *often asymptomatic in mild causes
42
hypercalcemia causes and symptoms
-caused by excessive parathyroid hormone, renal failure -s/s = constipation, lethargy, stupor, coma, bradycardia, AV node block, shortened QT interval, ventricular dysrhythmias, asystole *often asymptomatic in mild cases!
43
what does chloride do
works with sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate to regulate acid-base balance
44
hyperchloremia causes
dehydration, kidney disease
45
hypochloremia causes
NG suction, diarrhea, CF, vomiting
46
T or F: hyperchloremia and hypochloremia do not cause symptoms
T
47
hyperchloremia is associated with metabolic ______ and hypochloremia is associated with metabolic _______
acidosis alkalosis
48
what does phosphate do
bone formation, acid-base balance, cellular energy production
49
phosphate levels are often inversely related to ______ levels. why
calcium b/c both are regulated by PTH and vit D
50
normal phosphate levels
2.4-4.5
51
hyperphosphatemia causes and symptoms
- causes by hypocalcemia, renal failure - s/s = often asymptomatic butt in severe cases see AMS, muscle weakness, cramping, paraesthesias
52
hypophosphatemia causes and symptoms
-caused by hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholism -s/s = often asymptomatic but in severe see bone/muscle pain, osteopenia, fatigue, muscle weakness, seizures
53
what is magnesium crucial for
normal neuromuscular activity
54
normal magnesium levels
1.2 - 1.9
55
hypomagnesemia causes and symptoms
-caused by malabsorption, vomiting, diarrhea, ETOH abuse -s/s = neuro function impairments, seizures, depression, irritability, lots of ECG findings
56
hypermagnesemia causes and symptoms
-caused by renal insufficiency -s/s = vasodilation, neuromuscular blockade, nausea, lethargy, weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, coma, hyporeflexia
57
blood urea nitrogen normal range
6-25 memory trick: you need at least 6 rolls from texas roadhouse but would prefer to eat 25
58
causes of increased BUN
kidney impairment, eating too much protein, excessive muscle catabolism, HF, MI, dehydration, shock, GI bleeds
59
causes of decreased BUN
low protein diet, starvation, liver failure, cirrhosis
60
what is creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism of creatine
61
normal creatinine
males = 0.7-1.3 females = 0.4 - 1.1
62
causes of increased creatinine
kidney disease, dehydration, rhabdo
63
causes of decreased creatinine
age, low muscle mass, low protein diet, liver disease
64
normal glucose
70-100
65
hypoglycemia causes and symptoms
- <70 -caused by exercise and fasting -s/s = clammy skin/sweating, shaking, delirium, vision changes, HA, tachycardia, weakness, lightheadedness, LOC, seizures
66
hyperglycemia causes and symptoms
- >200 -caused by eating, post-surgery, stress, lack of insulin s/s = frequent urination, incrs thirst
67
glucose higher than ___ is ketoacidosis
240 *this is life threatening
68
s/s of ketoacidosis
SOB, N/V, dry mouth, fruity breath
69
if your pt's glucose is less than 70 what should you do before exercise
give them a snack
70
if your pt's glucose is greater than 250, what should you do
this is a contraindication to exercise. they are already in a hyperglycemic state and initial minutes of exercise result in increased glucose so that could make it worse
71
INR therapeutic range for CVA (ischemic not hemorrhagic)
2.0-2.5
72
INR therapeutic range for a fib/DVT/PE
2-3
73
INR therapeutic range for valve replacement
2.5-3.5
74
a pt is at higher risk of bleeding if INR is greater than _______
3.6
75
normal white blood cell count
5-10k
76
normal RBC count
male: 4.7-6.1 million female: 4.2-5.4 million
77
what can cause decreased RBCs and hemoglobin
anemia cancer blood loss malnutrition
78
normal hemoglobin
male = 14-17.4 female - 12-16
79
hematocrit
volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood sample
80
normal hematocrit
males = 42-52% females = 37-47% memory trick: hematoCRISIS...think midlife crisis happens at 40-50 y/o
81
normal platelet count
150-350k
82
normal INR
0.8-1.2
83
what does partial thromboplastin time screen for
bleeding abnormalities measures time it takes for blood to clot
84
what does sodium do
regulate fluid volume and is important for nerve conduction
85
increase in sodium = _____ fluid
increased which increases BP
86
normal potassium
3.7-5.1
87
normal chloride
95-105
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