Cardiopulmonary > Structure/Function review > Flashcards

Structure/Function review Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

order of blood flow of the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid
aortic valve
aorta
body

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2
Q

layers of the heart

A

pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

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3
Q

the pericardium consists of…

A

parietal and visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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4
Q

what does the pericardial fluid do

A

reduces friction during contraction

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5
Q

the myocardium is composed of

A

contractile tissue

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6
Q

what does the endocardium do

A

line the chambers of the heart

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7
Q

what can endocarditis cause

A

embolic CVA

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8
Q

lub sound

A

AV valves closing, beginning of ventricular systole

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9
Q

Dub sound

A

semilunar valves closing, onset of ventricular diastole

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10
Q

conduction of the heart order

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of his
right and left bundle branches
purkinje fibers

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11
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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12
Q

PR segment

A

AV nodal delay

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13
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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14
Q

ST segment

A

ventricular depolarization is complete

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15
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat

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17
Q

preload

A

volume of blood returning to the heart (end diastolic volume)

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18
Q

afterload

A

pressure against which the heart must contract to pump blood into the aorta

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19
Q

T or F: afterload decreases with hypertension and vasoconstriction

A

F: increases which means the heart has to work harder

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20
Q

How many true ribs?
false ribs?
floating?

A

1-7 true
8-10 false
11-12 floating

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21
Q

the right lung has ___ lobes while the left lung has ___ lobes

A

3 (superior, middle, inferior)
2 (superior, inferior)

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22
Q

what is the largest of the 3 right lung lobes?

A

lower (inferior)

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23
Q

this fissure separates the superior and middle lobe of the right lung? What separates the middle and inferior?

A

horizontal
oblique

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24
Q

this fissure separates the superior and inferior lobe of the left lung

A

oblique

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25
this lung has the cardiac notch
left
26
3 borders of the lun
anterior, posterior, inferior
27
3 surfaces of the lungs
costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic
28
this lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
29
what makes pleural fluid? what does pleural fluid do?
- type 2 pneumocytes - facilitates movement of the lungs along the thoracic wall during respiration
30
pleuritis
pleural friction rub with auscultation
31
T or F: the pleural cavity has a constant negative pressure
T: this keeps the lungs inflated
32
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
33
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
34
pleural effusion
fluid in the pleural space
35
what is in the upper respiratory tract
- nose - nasal cavities - pharynx - larynx
36
what is in the lower respiratory tract
- trachea - bronchi - bronchioles (lobular, terminal, respiratory) - alveoli
37
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli
38
what does surfactant do? what happens without it? (3)
- maintains patent alveoli 1 - impairs gas exchange 2 - inability to deliver O2 3 - decreased lung expansion
39
when you breathe in the diaphragm moves ______ and when you breathe out it moves _______-
down up
40
biomechanics of breathing
diaphragmatic contraction -> compression of abdominal contents -> increasing intra-abdominal pressure -> increase in thoracic volume vertically and transversely -> decrease in inthrathoracic pressure -> facilitates inspiration and venous return
41
movement of the upper ribs increases ______ volume and movement of the lower ribs increases ______ volume
anterior-posterior lateral
42
T or F: expiration is passive
T unless forced or coughing, then you need abdominals and internal intercostals
43
what is the primary muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
44
what innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve (C3-5)
45
secondary muscles of inspiration
- external intercostals - parasternal intercostals - SCM - scalenes - upper trap
46
T or F: breathing is both respiration and ventilation
T
47
ventilation
moving air in and out of the lungs
48
respiration
diffusion of gases across the alveolar - capillary interface
49
what are 2 forces that affect the work of breathing
- elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall - airway resistance
50
compliance =
change in volume/change in pressure
51
T or F: lung compliance decreases with age and COPD
F: increases
52
T or F: lung compliance decreases with restrictive lung disease
T
53
2 methods for pulmonary function test
- plethysmograph - spirometry
54
T or F: spirometry testing should be completed in seated
F: in standing unless they cant
55
what do you do during spirometer testing
take 4 normal breaths then inhale as deep as you can and exhale as deep as you can
56
T or F: in COPD the FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced
T: due to reduced FCV1
57
total lung capacity
max volume of air contained in lung after max inspiration how much air you can hold in the lungs
58
total lung capacity = (formula)
vital capacity + residual volume
59
vital capacity/forced vital capacity
max volume of gas that can be expired in a single breath after max inspiration
60
total lung capacity is _____ with restrictive lung diseases and ______ with obstructive lung diseases
decreased increased
61
inspiratory capacity =
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
62
vital capacity =
inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume
63
tidal volume
volume of gas expired during a normal breath normal quiet breathing
64
minute ventilation
amount of air expired per minute
65
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
66
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
67
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation
68
functional residual capacity
volume of gas that remains in lungs at the end of a normal breath out
69
T or F: functional residual capacity is decreased in pts with obesity
T
70
maximum voluntary ventilation
volume of gas that can be breathed in 12 seconds when a person breathes as deeply and as quickly as possible
71
T or F: diffusion capacity is decreased in those with asthma
F
72
normal diffusion capacity
80-100% uptake
73
T or F: diffusion capacity is decreased in those with restrictive and obstructive lung disease
T
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