Excess Information

Question 1

How was law strengthened by Henry II?

Answer 1

Set up Common Law – laws that all people had to follow

Early juries

Jure means “sworn oath” in French

They determined which cases would go to court

These are like our modern-day grand juries – they do not determine guilt or innocence

Question 2

Parliament-

Answer 2

Legislative body in England

Bicameral system → upper/lower houses

Upper: House of Lords & Lower: House of Commons

Gave Parliament the “power of the purse”

In charge of funding

Question 3

Capetians-

Answer 3

987 Hugh Capet was chosen to be King by the Nobles

The nobles of France chose Capet because he was weak and posed no threat – nobles want weak kings so they could have the power

His successors ended up being good rulers – they centralized royal power, exactly what the nobles tried to avoid

Question 4

Philip Augustus (or Philip II)-

Answer 4

Placed middle class in important jobs

This was smart – the middle class could not threaten his power

New charters, taxes, standing army

He had most of France under his control

He was the person who took back Normandy from King John

1223 he was the most powerful ruler in Europe

Question 5

What is a standing army?

Answer 5

A standing army is ready to fight at all times

It also costs a huge amount of money to maintain

Question 6

St. Louis (Louis IX)-

Answer 6

Great ruler, centralized power, deeply religious

Question 7

Estates General-

Answer 7

Group of people called by the king to help with minor decisions.

Never gained the power of Parliament

The met very rarely – they were very inactive and insignificant

Question 8

Charlemagne-

Answer 8

Had much of Germany under his control

After his death (814) his lands broke into small states

King of Saxony took control of most of the states in 936

Otto I took control of most of the German states & the title of German King

Question 9

Otto I-

Answer 9

The first “Holy Roman Emperor”

Worked closely with the church

Helped Pope crush rebellions

962 he was crowned emperor

Question 10

Why was Otto I names “Holy Roman Emperor”?

Answer 10

“Holy Roman Emperor” for 2 reasons

“Holy” – got power from the church

“Roman” – As great as rome was

Question 11

Holy Roman Empire stretched from-

What was the biggest threat to it’s Emperor?

Answer 11

Eastern Europe & included parts of France and Italy

Biggest threat to the Emperor was the nobility

Question 12

Holy Roman Empire’s conflict with the Catholic Church-

Answer 12

Holy Roman Emperors constantly got involved in Italian affairs (Help Pope, gain money)

Church & Emperors clashed over appointment to high positions

Question 13

First Crusade (1099) -

Answer 13

Captured Jerusalem from the Muslims

Killed all Muslims and Jews in the city (Jerusalem)

This was the only crusade the Europeans won

Jerusalem was too far away for the Europeans to hold on to it – they would have had to constantly resupply troops

Question 14

Second Crusade-

Answer 14

The Europeans lost. That’s it.

Question 15

Fifth Crusade – The Children’s Crusade-

(this is like a mini-story. just go through the timeline)

Answer 15

A German teenage boy had a dream that he could win a crusade. He kept telling other people until the word spread to thousands upon thousands of other teenagers. Many teenagers followed him towards Italy to go and fight for the Crusade. The Pope and parents pleaded with them not to go. They went anyway. Many boys drowned as ships sank. The captains of the ships rerouted to Africa instead of Jerusalem, and sold all the children into slavery. The teenagers never would have had a chance anyway – they would have been fighting trained, adult soldiers

Question 16

What were medieval universities?

Answer 16

Medieval universities were academic guilds formed by teachers.

Question 17

Where were some of the earliest universities located?

Answer 17

Some of the earliest universities were in Bologna and Salerno.

Question 18

What could students study at medieval universities?

Answer 18

At universities, students could only study theology (religion).

Question 19

What was the daily life like at universities?

Answer 19

Students woke up early and had long days from 4am to 10pm.

Question 20

Who attended medieval universities?

Answer 20

Only boys from wealthy families attended, and the schools were entirely male.

Question 21

How were lectures conducted at medieval universities?

Answer 21

Lecture classes involved teachers reading off a book, as the printing press had not been invented.

Question 22

How were tests conducted at medieval universities?

Answer 22

Tests were done out loud, with only oral exams.

Question 23

What was the nature of new learning in medieval Europe?

Answer 23

New ideas were actually old ideas from Greece and Rome that were lost after Rome fell.

Question 24

What was the challenge of Aristotle’s teachings?

Answer 24

Aristotle taught that logic and reason could solve anything, which conflicted with many religious concepts.

Question 25

What is scholasticism?

Answer 25

Scholasticism combined logic and faith to support Christianity.

Question 26

Who created scholasticism?

Answer 26

Thomas Aquinas created scholasticism and wrote the Summa Theologica.

Question 27

What is Thomas Aquinas known for?

Answer 27

He is a saint in the Catholic Church.

Question 28

What limited advancements in science during medieval times?

Answer 28

Advancements in science were limited by Christian teachings.

Question 29

What number system was used in medieval Europe?

Answer 29

The number system from Asia/Middle East (Arab numbers) was used because it was easier than Roman numbers.

Question 30

What was the expectation for women regarding education?

Answer 30

Women were not expected to go to school.

Question 31

Who was Christine de Pizan?

Answer 31

Christine de Pizan was an Italian woman who made her living as a writer, an unusual occupation for women at the time.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of previous Romanesque architecture?

Answer 32

Thick walls, built like a fort, small windows, dark inside.

Question 33

Why couldn't there be large windows in Romanesque architecture?

Answer 33

Large windows would collapse under the thick walls.

Question 34

How does Gothic architecture differ from Romanesque architecture?

Answer 34

Gothic architecture was created because some people thought Romanesque architecture was too dull.

Question 35

What is a key feature of Gothic architecture?

Answer 35

Flying buttresses.

Question 36

What is the purpose of flying buttresses in Gothic architecture?

Answer 36

They are support pillars that allow for bigger windows by holding up the church from the outside.

Question 37

What was depicted in stained glass windows in Gothic architecture?

Answer 37

Stories of the Bible, as many people could not read.

Question 38

What was the relationship between stained glass and the amount of glass used in Gothic architecture?

Answer 38

More glass was considered good.