Exercise Physiology - Adaptations

Question 1

Acute Responses to Exercise:

Answer 1

• Heart Rate
• Stroke Volume
• Blood Pressure
• Cardiac Output
• Tidal Volume
• Respiratory Rate
• Max O2 uptake
• Arteriovenous oxygen difference
• Blood redistribution

Question 2

Chronic adaptations to training:

Answer 2

• Cardiac Output
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Blood volume/haemoglobin levels
• Stroke volume
• Capillarisation
• O2 Exchange
• Muscle hypertrophy and increased flexibility
• Increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity

Question 3

Heart Rate - Acute

Answer 3

• Increased demand for fuels and oxygen
• Heart pumps faster to remove waste.
• Increased intensity = increased heart rate, directly proportional.
• Athletes who train endurance will find that they return to resting heart rate quickly.

Question 4

Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output - Acute

Answer 4

• Stroke volume is how much blood is transported per beat.
• Heart beats more forcefully when exercising, increased stroke volume.
• Cardiac output increases when exercising.

Question 5

Blood Pressure - Acute

Answer 5

• Systolic (output) blood pressure increases sharply during exercise due to increased output
• Diastolic pressure stays the same

Question 6

Blood Redistribution - Acute

Answer 6

• Blood redistributes from organs to muscles depending on the exercise.
• Less blood flow to the digestive system.

Question 7

Gas Exchange - Acute

Answer 7

• As we begin to exercise, there is an increase of oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries.
• Exercising muscles and cells will produce carbon dioxide in greater quantities.

Question 8

Oxygen Uptake:

Answer 8

• Oxygen consumption rises exponentially during the first few minutes of exercise.
• VO2 Max = Point in which increases in intensity will not result in an increase in oxygen consumption.

Question 9

Arteriovenous oxygen difference - Acute

Answer 9

• Indication of the difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood.
• At rest AVO2 diff = 5ml of Oxygen per 100ml of blood
• With increased intensity, comes increased AVO2 diff.

Question 10

Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output - Chronic

Answer 10

• Resting and submaximal heart rates will decrease
• This is a result of the cardiac output and stroke volume increasing.
• The heart requires less pumps per minute to distribute the same amount of blood.

Question 11

Blood Pressure - Chronic

Answer 11

• Aerobic training results in lower systolic and diastolic pressure
• Greatest changes occur in systolic pressure.

Question 12

Cardiac Hypertrophy - Chronic

Answer 12

• Endurance training results in increased ventricular size
• Allows for greater amount of blood to be pumped into and out of the ventricles resulting in increased cardiac output.
• Size of heart increase = cardiac hypertrophy

Question 13

Anaerobic Training Adaptations at muscular level - Chronic

Answer 13

• Increased fast-twitch muscle fibre size
• Increased energy substrate levels in muscle
• Increased ATP-CP splitting and resynthesis of enzymes
• Increased glycolytic capacity
• Increased ventricle thickness
• Increased contractile proteins in muscles
• Increased myosin ATPase
• Increased muscle buffering capacity
• Muscle hyperplasia

Question 14

Aerobic training adaptation at muscular level - Chronic

Answer 14

• Increased mitochondria density and number
• Increased myoglobin stores
• Increased oxidative capacity via increased oxidative enzyme
• Increased capillary density
• Increased use of fat during submaximal exercise
• Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides
• Increased muscle glycogen synthase and storage
• Oxygen extraction