export_cv pharm

Question 1

describe the formation of the dorsal aortae

Answer 1

mesoderm –> blood islands –> haemoblasts –> d aortae

Question 2

What was the precursor of the cardiac tube?

Answer 2

Cardiogenic plate

Question 3

What do the cranial parts of the dorsal aortae become?

Answer 3

internal carotid arteries

Question 4

Name the two vessels which bring blood INTO the foetus

Answer 4

• Vitteline vein

- Umbilical vein

Question 5

What creates the AV canals?

Answer 5

Endocardial cushions

Question 6

What causes AV valves to be created?

Answer 6

Cavitation. Chordae tendinae and papillary m created now too

Question 7

Why is the LEFT recurrent laryngeal susceptible to damage?

Answer 7

• hooked around 6th aortic arch
• LHS 6th and 4th remain
• –> DA and ligamentosum arteriosum
• left rec laryngeal retained more cd’lly

Question 8

What is the function of the intervenous tubercle in the foetal heart?

Answer 8

To guide oxy blood from CD VC across foramen ovale.

Question 9

Brachiocephalic trunk supplies:

Answer 9

Head, neck, upper limbs, & thoracic wall

Question 10

Why is it important that the brachiocephalic trunk leaves Cranially to the DA?

Answer 10

So that oxygenated blood supplies the head, not semi oxygenated.

Question 11

What leads are used to measure the mean electrical axis?

Answer 11

Aug unipolar

Question 12

Describe the baro reflex

Answer 12

• Baroreceptors in vessels
• detect inc BP/stretch
• ANS –> brain –> para –> heart –> slow
• BP/stretch reduced

Question 13

Describe the RAAS

Answer 13

• low BP detected
• red GFR (macula densa)
• JGC - renin
• renin
• ANGO I –> ANGIO II (ACE)
• vascocon Aldosterone rel (adrenal)
• Na/Water retention

Question 14

What is a positive chronotrope

Answer 14

Increases HR, example: beta agonist

Question 15

What is a positive lusiotrope?

Answer 15

Inc relaxation.

Question 16

How do cardiac glycosides have a +ve inotropic effect?

Answer 16

Inhibition of the NaCa exchanger

Question 17

Higher concentrations of Na within the cytoplasm leads to..

Answer 17

neg chronotropic effect

Question 18

Name three classes of drug which would have +ve inotropic effect

Answer 18

1. Cardiac glycosides
2. Sympathomimetics
3. PDE III inhibitors

Question 19

What receptor do sympathomimetics target?

Answer 19

B-1.

Question 20

What do PDE III inhibitors do?

Answer 20

• Inhibit cAMP (cardiac)
• phosphorylation –> Ca channels open —> influx
• Lots of Ca = stronger contraction
• Reflux is faster too
• Pos inotrope and lusiotrope!

Question 21

Side effects of PDE III inhib?

Answer 21

Tachycard
Vasodil ( inhib of phosph of MLCK)

No oocyte maturation

Question 22

Name a PDE inhib

Answer 22

Pimobendin, Vetmedin

Question 23

Name 3 classes of negative inotropes

Answer 23

1. Symp antagonist
2. Cholinergics
3. Ca-channel blockers

Question 24

What class of drug are B-blockers?

Answer 24

Sympathetic antagonist

Question 25

What four classes of drugs could be used to treat bradyarrythmmias?

Answer 25

1. Sympathomimetics 2. Anticholinergics 3. Methylxanthines 4. PDE III inhib

Question 26

Sympathomimetics can cause a positive dromotrphy and positive chronotrophy, which receptors is its target?

Answer 26

B2 

Question 27

Dromotophy is

Answer 27

inc speed of conduction from AVN

Question 28

4 classes of anti-dysrhythmics

Answer 28

Class I: Na channel Blockers Class II: Beta Blockers Class III: K+ channel blockers Class IV: Ca+ channel blockers (Class V - other)

Question 29

What negative effects can tachycardia have?

Answer 29

- inc workload - myocard hypertrophy - red EDVV - red CO - syncope - death

Question 30

The PHARM aim to Tx tachycardia is to reduceSAN rate of fire and Slow AVN conduction. How?

Answer 30

* Na channel blockers: * 1b - not permanent, prev premature beats * 1c - remain bound longer, reduce conduction B-Blockers slow conduction Ca channel blockers - ""

Question 31

I. Na channel blockers have 3 classes:

Answer 31

1a. Quinidine: * rhythm conversion, horses 1b. Lidocaine: * ventric tachycard 1c. Slow through perkinje

Question 32

What is the action of B-blockers?

Answer 32

* Slow conduction AV | * slow pacemaker pot

Question 33

What class of drugs should be used to treat Supraventricular tachy?

Answer 33

B blockers

Question 34

What is atenolol?

Answer 34

B1 blocker

Question 35

Class III antidysrhythmics aim to:

Answer 35

Block K Slow repol Inc refractory

Question 36

Name a K channel blocker

Answer 36

Sotalol

Question 37

What is interesting about Sotalol and its isomers?

Answer 37

``` I-isomer = non-select B blocker D-isomer = K channel blocker ```

Question 38

Ca channel blockers aim to:

Answer 38

shorten plateux phase slow conduction in SAN/AVN neg inotrope pos lusiotrope

Question 39

Name a calcium channel blocker

Answer 39

Amlodipine - vasodil Diltiazem - CV effect

Question 40

Nitrates are peripheral vaso______

Answer 40

dilators

Question 41

Percutol is rubbed on laminitic fetlocks, what is it?

Answer 41

A BOMB! | Nitroglycerine, venodil

Question 42

PDE V inhibitor are ___________

Answer 42

arteriodilators

Question 43

What is viagra?

Answer 43

Sildenafil | arteriodilator

Question 44

What does hydralazine do?

Answer 44

Relaxes arterioles, decreases BP --> reflex tachycardia and ^ renin

Question 45

Indirect vasodilators will activate another system to cause vasodil for example

Answer 45

activate RAAS

Question 46

Sympathetics agonists may cause vasodilation. Name 2:

Answer 46

Prazosin and Phenoxybendazine

Question 47

what componants of the RAAS are vasoconstrictors?

Answer 47

ANG II!

Question 48

Blocking action of ANG-II would cause vasodil, how can this be done?

Answer 48

* ACE inhib, ramipril | * ANG-II R antagonist (prevents any ANG-II acting), Telismartan

Question 49

Spironolactone is both a ______ and a _____

Answer 49

Aldosterone antagonist and K-sparing Diuretic

Question 50

Name 5 types of diuretics

Answer 50

1. Thiazide 2. Loop 3. Potassium-sparing 4. Osmotic 5. Methylxanthines