What is verisimilitude?
Verisimilitude = the extent to which an experimental task realistically simulates the real-life situation of interest, thus imposing similar cognitive demands on the subject.
What is veridicality?
Veridicality = the extent to which experimental results accurately reflect and/or predict the psychological phenomenon of interest.
What is the difference between immersion and presence?
Immersion is determined by objective characteristics in the VR system (visual detail, field, view), while presence refers to the subjective mental response to immersion.
What are intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)?
What are the ICC for MultipleScreener?
It measures a relation between two variables of different classes.
The ICC between digital and paper and pencil-based assessment were excellent to good. So performance on this (adjusted) digital version of the BICAMS correlates highly with the standard paper-and-pencil based test scores.
Which areas are involved in the 3 motor sequence learning stages?
- Stage 1 (acquisition)
o Cortico-striatal loop: DLPFC –> PPC –> Striatum
o Cortico-cerebellar loop: DLPFC –> PPC –> Cerebellum - Stage 2 (consolidation)
o Cerebellar activation decreases, striatal activation increases
o DLPFC –> pre-SMA –> SMA –> PMA
o Striatum (basal ganglia) –> pre-SMA/SMA/PMA - Stage 3 (retention)
o Striatum –> PMA, M1, PPC
What does Fitts’ Law say?
A movement is more difficult if it covers a larger distance in a shorter amount of time and if it requires more precision.
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law say?
Functional abnormalities in neurotransmitters (such as serotonin, GABA and dopamine) have also been linked to social cognitive dysfunction.
Yerkes-Dodson law: optimal function requires neurotransmitter levels to be neither too low nor too high (inverted U).
Why does the ICF framework need reconsideration?
Three alternative ICF schemes were ranked by experts, resulting in one preferred scheme, which 3 things are changed?
Since it gives the impression that the medical perspective is dominant instead of the biopsychosocial perspective.
o ‘Health condition’ was included in the ‘Personal factors’ box, since sometimes no (known) health condition is present.
o Environmental factors surround all the other components, stressing the importance of environmental factors for functioning.
o To emphasize the importance of participation, participation is positioned in the center of this scheme.
The WHO definition of health as complete wellbeing is no longer fit to purpose given the rise of chronic disease. How do we have to call it then?
The ability to adapt and self-manage in the face of social, physical, and emotional challenges.
What is attrition?
Attrition means that participants may stop their participation to a trial, this could lead to a selective loss of data across the different experimental groups
Where are the following areas responsible for when we’re talking about spatial cognition?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Visual
- Temporal
- Hippocampus
- Spatial working memory & spatial information processing
- Understand the location of ourself and objects in space & spatial attention
- Where visuospatial information comes in (perception)
- Object identification & recognition
- Navigation & perspective taking (using your mental representation of the space or visualize the space)
Which spatial functions are associated with the following preclinical markers of AD?
- Parietal cortex
- Posterior cingulate cortex
- Retrosplenial cortex
- Hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Parietal cortex: egocentric navigation
- Posterior cingulate cortex: landmark position & attention
- Retrosplenial cortex: ego- and allocentric translation
- Hippocampus: representations of space
- Entorhinal cortex: path integration (you can reach a location from different paths)
- Perirhinal cortex: encoding spatial information
What are specific elements of serious gaming? (4x)
- Motivation: you have to provide some form of interaction by entailing simple rewards (they are really effective)
- Goal setting: levels are very explicit goals
- Progress monitory: seeing how you are doing
- Adjustable task selection: ideally you want to have a “flow” between skill and difficulty (this can be done at an individual level)
An effective innovative intervention that allows for motor skill acquisition through neuroplasticity needs to include… (5x)
- Practice: repetitive and varied practice of meaningful tasks
- Level of difficulty: adjusting to the patients skill level (staircase procedure)
- Problem solving/error-correction: cognitive and executive mechanisms should be engaged by the task
- Motivation: gamified and VR approached are more fun (this affects motivation)
- Feedback quality/frequency: feedback should be used to stimulate wanted, and discourage unwanted movement, matching the relevant sensory modality of the task
