eye problems! Flashcards

Question

differenttiate btw them presentation? treatment?

Answer 1

stye and chalzion

Answer 2

**Anterior uveitis -** inflammation affecting the *iris* (iritis) +/- the *ciliary body* (iridocyclitis) **Intermediate uveitis** - inflammation of the posterior part of the ciliary body and nearby peripheral retina and choroid **Posterior uveitis** – inflammation of the retina and choroid **Panuveitis** – inflammation of the whole uveal tract

Answer 3

* "iritis" Inflammation of the **Choroid layer** * *cycloplegics (dilates the pupil which helps to relieve pain and photophobia) e.g. Atropine, cyclopentolate* * *Inflammatory cells in the Anterior chamber cause floaters in the patient’s vision.* 1. Sphincter pupilla muscle in iris contracts causing miosis (**constricted pupil)** 2. **Photophobia** due to ciliary muscle spasm 3. **Floaters**\> bc inflammatory cells in ant chamber 4. **Abnormal pupil\>** bc posterior synechiae (adhesions) pulling the iris into abnormal shapes REFER TO **RAPID ACCESS CLINIC** FOR STEROIDS

Answer 4

fracture is the floor (inferior wall) of the orbit **(maxilla bone)** **maxilla forming the floor, is incredibly thin!!\>** **eyeball can drop into maxillary sinus!** which can occur due to direct impact to the front of the eye e.g. by a ball or fist

Answer 5

when inflammed\> BV dilate and the eye appears red. report their eye feeling ***uncomfortable and ‘gritty***’ (rather than painful) with accompanying tearing of the eye. _The condition is highly contagious_ Also aku Contact induced conjunctivitis \>\> ropy discharge *conjcutiva: vascularozed thin serous membrane covering over the sclera and reflected onto the inner surface of the upper and lower eyelids. \> prodcues mucous & tears IT DOESNT NOT COVER THE CORNEA*

Answer 6

Confirm diagnosis with **chlamydia swab** If positive, refer to **GUM clinic for screening**

Answer 7

_subconjunctival haemorrhage_ This occurs when one of the ***small conjunctival blood vessels rupture***s (often spontaneously). The blood that escapes is immediately visible under the transparent conjunctival layer * not pain and resolves itself CAN GIVE LUBRICATING EYE DROPS IF FOREIGN BODY SENSATION

Answer 8

Cavernous sinus thrombosis meningitis

Answer 9

Entropion eyelid turns inwards with the lashes against the eyeball. This results in **pain** and can result in **corneal damage and ulceration.** * Initial management is by taping the eyelid down to prevent it turning inwards * Definitive management is with surgical intervention. When the eyelid is taped down it is essential to prevent the eye drying out by using regular lubricating eye drops. A SAME DAY referral to ophthalmology is required if there is a risk to sight.

Answer 10

Ectropion is where the eyelid turns **outwards** with the inner aspect of the eyelid exposed. It usually affects the bottom lid. This can result in **exposure keratopathy** as the eyeball is exposed and not adequately lubricated and protected. Mx * Mild cases may not require treatment. * Regular lubricating eye drops are used to protect the surface of the eye. * More significant cases may require surgery to correct the defect. A same day referral to ophthalmology is required if there is a risk to sight.

Answer 11

1. **Viral infection** with herpes simplex 2. **Bacterial infection** with pseudomonas or staphylococcus 3. **Fungal infection** with candida or aspergillus 4. **Contact lens** acute red eye (CLARE) 5. **Exposure keratitis** is caused by inadequate eyelid coverage (e.g. eyelid ectropion) _Need 1-2 hourly topical Levofloxacin_ **Refer to Emergency Eye Clinic** **Dx** 1. **fluorescein** will show a dendritic corneal ulcer. Dendritic describes the appearance of branching and spreading of the ulcer. 2. **Slit lamp examination** to find and diagnose keratitis. 3. **Corneal swabs or scrapings** can be used to _isolate the virus_ using a viral culture or PCR. **Mx** 1. Aciclovir (topical or oral) 2. Ganciclovir eye gel 3. Topical steroids may be used alongside antivirals to treat stromal keratitis 4. Corneal transplant may be required after the infection has resolved to treat corneal scarring caused by stromal keratitis.

Answer 12

**Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus** Refer to ***_Rapid Access Clinic_*** if eye red or vision blurred Mx : Give oral antiviral (acyclovir 800mg 5 x per day for 7 days)

Answer 13

Simple **analgesia**, **cold compresses** and **safetynet** advice are appropriate. More severe cases may benefit from systemic **NSAIDs** (e.g. naproxen) or topical steroid eye drops. In episcleritis, the injected vessels are **MOBILEE** when gentle pressure is applied on the sclera, indicating much more _superficially_ involved vessels

Answer 14

Uveitis! ankylosing spondylitis & inflammatory bowel disease, sarcoidosis, RA

Answer 15

a congenital disorder causing partial or complete **absence of melanin** in *_skin, hair and eyes_* * wear tinted sunglasses or contact lens to help reduce the scattering of light that enters the eye, given the pigmented retinal layer, like much of the rest of their body, is absent of melanin.* * Melanin:helps absorb scattered light that pased in the eye, reduces refelction and aloows us to fcocus*

Answer 16

This is **optic disc swelling** caused by raised ICP. The swelling is usually ***bilateral*** and can occur over a period of hours to weeks.

Answer 17

In Glaucoma!\>\> Rise in intra-ocular pressure and damage to optic nerve – **Optic disc cupping\>** thinning of outer rim of optic head!

Answer 18

Steroid eye drops can lead to fungal infections, which in turn can cause corneal ulcers

Answer 19

**Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma:** note the ***irregularly & fixed*** shaped pupil and conjunctival injection (red eye) bc corneal muscle cant contract

Answer 20

**congenital inherited condition** of degeneration of the **_rods_** and **_cones_** in the retina. **Cx** * genetics\>\> rods more than cons (night blind) * associated with systemic diseases **Presentation** * **Night blindness** is often the **1st symptom** * **tunnel vision** is lost B4 the central vision.

Answer 21

* Fundoscopy will show **pigmentation**. * This is described as ***_“bone-spicule” pigmentation_***. * The pigmentation is most concentrated around the ***mid-peripheral area of the retina.*** * There can be associated narrowing of the arterioles and a waxy or pale appearance to the optic disc.

Answer 22

* **Usher’s Syndrome** causes hearing loss plus retinitis pigmentosa * **Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome** is a disorder of fat absorption and metabolism causing progressive neurological symptoms and retinitis pigmentosa * **Refsum’s Disease** is a metabolic disorder of phytanic acid causing neurological, hearing and skin symptoms and retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 23

we have 3 types of cones, red, blue and green *(work in bright lights & respond to different light wavelengths)* absence or dysfunction of one of these three cones leads to **colour blindness** (or colour vision deficiency), an inherited condition that affects **males** more

Answer 24

is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision.

Answer 25

Embolis that temporarily blocks the opthalmic A. " Feel like curtain coming down their eyes"

Answer 26

* a cause of horizontal disconjugate eye movement * lesion in the ***_medial longitudinal fasciculus_*** (MLF) * controls **horizontal** eye movements by interconnecting the **3rd, 4th & 6th** cranial nuclei * located in the paramedian area of the midbrain and pons **Features** * **impaired adduction** of the eye on the same side as the lesion * **horizontal nystagmus** of the abducting eye on the contralateral side **Causes** * multiple sclerosis * vascular disease

Answer 27

Retinitis & glaucoma\>\> peripheral to central Macular degeneration\> central (scotoma) diabetic \> random (scattered)

Answer 28

Cataracts and other refractive errors, the lens function is that is by changing its shape, to help refract(bend) light to be focused on the retina. it cataract, the lens becomes cloudy and u view images as blurry images, when wearing a pinhole glasses, it reduces the surface area in which the image swill enter ur eye, therefore focusing it it and u can itshoofena. (ask rawan if u forgot)

Answer 29

Hypopyon Hypopyon is a medical condition involving inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye. It is a **leukocytic** **exudate**, seen in the anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the underlying episclera. Hypopyon can be present in a corneal ulcer. Behcet's disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panophthalmitis and adverse reactions to some drugs (such as rifabutin).[1]

eye problems! Flashcards

(65 cards)