What are the standard projections of facial bones
Waters with no angle (zero) and waters with 20 andle caudad and lateral face bone
Extended waters projection varies
in angle and no. from centre to centre
Waters proj has what position?
chin on receptor and then tilt the head so that nose is about 1cm away from board
Waters projection is what beam and marker
reversed and horizontal beam
Critiquing for Waters
Entire facial structure visualised; Infraorbital margin horizontal and thin; No rotation or tilt; Any fluid levels are horizontal; Superior maxillary sinuses maximally shown; Marker evident on the inferolateral / superolateral aspect.
Critiquing for extended waters
Infraorbital margin reasonably thin (but thicker than the 0 deg); Entire facial structures visualised; No rotation or tilt; Most / all of the maxillary sinuses shown maximally; Marker evident on the inferolateral / superolateral aspect.
Lateral facial bone critiquing
Radiographic superimposition of bilateral structures; Entire facial bones region visualised; No rotation or tilt; Any fluid levels are horizontal; Marker on the anterior aspect, if used.
Critiquing the waters projections of the eyes
Infraorbital margin horizontal and thin; Entire upper facial structures visualised; No rotation or tilt; Marker evident correlating to gaze.
SMV projection critiquing includes
Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous pyramids; Entire anterior face visualised; Zygomae visualised as much as anatomically viable; No rotation or tilt; Nasal bones may be visible, depending on angle and patient; not too tight collimation and See the zygomatic arches maximally and the top teeth should be projected on the anterior part of the skull
PA mandible critiquing
Mandible elongated; Entire mandible visualised; No rotation/tilt; Marker evident on the lateral aspect; symmetry of mandible and spin processes are aligned
Lateral mandible critiquing
Radiographic superimposition of mandible.
▪ Entire mandible visualised
▪ True lateral.
▪ Mandible projected off cervical spine.
Axial tmj critiquing
▪ Target TMJ seen in profile.
▪ Mandible, down to inferior condyles seen.
▪ Marker showing open / closed and side.
Axiolateral mandible (the weird and funky one) head tilte 15 deg
Mandibular condyles off the cervical spine.
Target region (body, angle, ramus) seen maximally.; marker evident, indicating side of interest.
Axial TMJ critiquing
Target TMJ seen in profile.; Mandible, down to inferior condyles seen; Marker showing open / closed and side.
OPG critiquing
Include the entire mandible, including the TMJ’s.
▪ Marker evident (normally embedded).
▪ Bite plane in a slight ‘smile’.
▪ Entirety of mandible is sharp.
▪ All teeth sharp / in focus.
