Fading, Chaining,

Question 1

What is successive Discrimination?

Answer 1

A provider used to train a differential respondent by alternating between S^D and S^DELTA. Relies on Generalization and Extinction

Question 2

Fading

Answer 2

Transferring the control of one antecedent stimulus (S1) to another stimulus (S2) by gradually eliminating S1 in the presence of S2
-definition fro text: the gradual elimination of the prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of S^D

Question 3

Fading produces

Answer 3

Little to no generalization effects

-very difficult to reverse roles of S^D and S^delta

Question 4

Fading procedures are best sued where

Answer 4

Contingencies of reinforcement are not likely to change and variability is undesirable
-multiplication tables etc.

Question 5

Typically fading is more desirable than

Answer 5

Trial and error methods

-does not contain undesirable effects of extinction

Question 6

Prompt

Answer 6

An antecedent stimulus/ event that increases the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time
-Prompt = controlling stimulus (i.e., S^D or S^delta)
NOTE: the definition of fading in the text is poor because fading can generate S^D or S^delta

Question 7

Response Prompts

Answer 7

Involve the behaviour of another person

Question 8

Verbal prompt

Answer 8

-Verbal behavior of another person results in correct behavior of the trainee

Question 9

-Gestural Prompt

Answer 9

-a physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behavior

Question 10

-Modeling Prompt

Answer 10

-person demonstrates the target behavior for the learner

Question 11

-Physical Prompt

Answer 11

-person physically assists the leaner to engage in the correct behavior

Question 12

Stimulus Prompts

Answer 12

-involve a change or addition/subtraction of an antecedent stimulus

Question 13

-Within-Stimulus Prompt

Answer 13

-an aspect/dimension of the stimulus is changed to aid discrimination

Question 14

-Extra-Stimulus Prompt

Answer 14

-A separate stimulus is added to aid discrimination

Question 15

-Prompt/Stimulus Fading

Answer 15

• gradually removing the prompt/stimulus in the presence of the new S^D that is being established
  
  • Most to least
  • Least to most

Question 16

-Prompt Delay

Answer 16

• gradually increase the delivery of the prompt in the presence of the new S^D that is being established
• initially present prompt with no delay and then gradually insert a delay between the prompt and the desired SD
  1. Present the desired S^D
  2. Want for response (delay)
  3. If no response made after x amount of time, prompt the desired behavior
  4. Observe the desired behavior
  5. Reinforce the desired behavior

Question 17

Behavior Chains

Answer 17

– a specific sequence of discrete responses each associated with specific stimulus condition

- i.e., a complex behavior consisting of 2 of more component behaviors that occur together in a sequence - most behaviors are complex combinations of simpler behaviors in a particular order

Question 18

Each component of a behavior chain has

Answer 18

a S^D and a corresponding response to that S^D

Question 19

Each response in a behavior chain

Answer 19

creates a new situation that functions as an S^D for the next response

Question 20

Task Analysis for behavior chains

Answer 20

Breaks down the task into its component elements

-establishing the stimuli (S^D) responses and reinforcers

Question 21

Analysis should be

Answer 21

• Validated
• observe practice and behaviors
• consult experts
  
  • perform the behavior yourself
  • adjust steps based on the learners’’ ability

Question 22

Prior to chaining, the sub subject

Answer 22

Must be capable of executing each component

-revise if necessary (break down, combine or add steps)

Question 23

Forward chaining steps

Answer 23

1. Reinforce after performance of first two components
   - repeat until behavior is performed reliably
2. reinforce after complete performance of the 1st 3 components
3. reinforce after complete performance of first four components
4. and so on…

Question 24

Backward Chaining

Answer 24

1. Require performance of last 2 component and reinforce
   a. Repeat until smooth and prompts have been faded
2. Require performance with last 3 components and reinforce
3. And so on…
   Note: components are added from back to front
   - A prompt (to be faded) may be needed to elicit new components

Question 25

Chaining long-term considerations

Answer 25

- if learned chain is too long, responding may decrease over time due to - weak conditional reinforcers - weak terminal/primary reinforcers

Question 26

Potential remedies of chaining

Answer 26

- use a stronger terminal reinforcer - shorten the chain - highlight natural rewards the chain provides (if any) - intermittently reinforce smaller sections of the chain

Question 27

Variable Chains.

Answer 27

- not all chains occur in the same sequence with every presentation - train components out of order - leads to flexible problem-solving