Self-Management

Question 1

Self-Management

Answer 1

-the deliberate application of principles of self-change

Question 2

-Behaviour deficits

Answer 2

• desirable behaviours are not occurring
• reinforcers may be delayed
• high response effort to obtain the reinforcer
• reinforcers may have little value
• competing contingencies offer immediate reinforcement
• competing contingencies offer stronger reinforcers
• punishing contingencies may be in place
• consider the role of antecedent stimuli in environment
• S^Ds
• S^DELTAs

Question 3

hyperbolic delay model

Answer 3

delayed reinforcement can create preference reversals

smaller sooner - larger later

Question 4

Coping with Delayed Reinforcers

Answer 4

• commit to delayed behaviours early and punish non-compliance of this commitment
  e. g., throw out a game to punish playing Xbox
• Make the non-compliant behaviour delayed or harder to perform
• e.g., disconnect your Xbox and out into storage
• Remove or delay SDs for engaging in the non-compliant behaviour
• e.g., keep your Xbox tucked away in a shel where it is “out of sight and out of mind”
• Make the non-compliant behaviour impossible
• e.g., sell your Xbox
• Incorporate immediate reinforcers for engaging in the compliant behaviour
• e.g., give yourself a gummy bear for every paragraph of you textbook your read

Question 5

-Behavioural Excess

Answer 5

• undesirable behaviours are occurring
• punishers may be delayed (e.g., effects of smoking)
• immediate reinforcers present
• low response costs to obtain immediate. Reinforcers
• competing contingencies offer weak reinforcers
• competing contingencies may be punished
• consider the role of antecedent stimuli in environment
• S^Ds
• S^DELTAs

Question 6

Self-Management Process

Answer 6

-in self-management you engage in a controlling behaviour in the present to influence the controlled behaviour in the future

Question 7

-controlling behaviour

Answer 7

self-management strategy

Question 8

-controlled behaviour

Answer 8

target behaviour to be changed in a self-management program

Question 9

Self-Management Strategies

-Goal setting

Answer 9

-establish a criterion for the target behaviour

Question 10

-set achievable goals

Answer 10

• implement with self-recording, behaviour contract
• goal setting is not generally effective on its own, needs (at a minimum) to be combined with behavioural monitoring and evaluation

Question 11

-Self-monitoring and evaluation

Answer 11

• can allow reactivity to work in your favour

- can be a long-term maintenance strategy

Question 12

-Antecedent Manipulations

Answer 12

• present S^Ds for desirable behaviours
• present S^deltas for undesirable behaviours
• Remove S^Ds for undesirable behaviours
• Remove S^deltas for desirable behaviours
• Arrange a EO for desirable behaviours (depreciation)
• Arrange an AO for undesirable behaviours (satiation)
• Increase response effort or delays for undesirable behaviours
• Decrease response efforts or delays for desirable behaviours
• Build behaviour chains for desirable behaviours
• Interrupt behaviour chains for undesirable behaviours
• Narrow the range of stimulus control to specific environments or stimuli

Question 13

-Behavioural Contract

Answer 13

• written document specifying:
• the target behaviours
• contingencies
• what are the reinforcers and/or punishers
• what is the schedule of reinforcement/ punishment
• create contingencies for the behaviour occurrence and non-occurrence if possible
• Having a Contract Manager is very important
• Make your contract/plan public fo there are social consequences for failing and succeeding

Question 14

Arrange Reinforcers and Punishers

Answer 14

• Avoid “short-circuiting” the contingency
• have someone else controlling the consequences
• be cautious of Ratio-strain
• consider effects of satiation and deprivation in EOS
• have multiple reinforcers to choose fro
• token economies
• Make use of variable schedules of reinforcement whenever possible and gradual stretch the seclude requirement

Question 15

Variable Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Schedules in Self-Modification

Answer 15

• Plan: study on a variable duration schedule with an average of 60 mins
• Must ensure that schedule values in effect are ‘hidden’
• Use apps that randomize time
• Build a timer in Python
• have another person administer the reinforcers
• Gradually build to larger requirements

Question 16

-Social support

Answer 16

• arranging reinforcers and punishers through close friends/family
• Natural cues for behaviours
• especially helpful with others engaging in self-management

Question 17

-Self-Instructions

Answer 17

• statement that makes it more likely a target behaviour will occur in a specific situation
• i.e., it’s a controlling antecedent stimuli (S^D)
• use in conjunction with self-praise

Question 18

-Self-Praise

Answer 18

• making positive statements to yourself or providing positive evaluations of your own behaviour after engaging in the appropriate behaviour
• i.e., conditioned reinforcer like the dog clicker
• Note: Use of self-instructions and praise is leaner over time
• decide when they will occur and what they will be (i.e., make them contingent on things)

Question 19

Common Problems

Answer 19

• unclear descriptions of antecedents and consequences in the functional assessment
• referring to emotions such as “it made me sad: as opposed to describing the behaviours that make up that emotion
• e.g., sadness = crying, slouched postures not socializing, comfort eating
• not describing what activities were engaged in before and after a behaviour occurs (or didn’t occur)
• unclear description of intervention procedures
• e.g.,
• I’ll just make myself do it
• ill worker harder to stop it
• Ill talk myself into doing I t
• Procedures aren’t practical – too much $$, time, or effort
  i. e., ratio-strain
• Procedures are not based on functional assessment information
• Consequences are too delayed to be effective
• Consequences are too weak or easily short-circuited