91.3
Responsibility and Authority of the PIC
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.
In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency.
Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph (b) of this section shall, upon the request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator. (Within 48 Hours If Requested)
91.7
Civil Aircraft Airworthiness
Can anyone Pilot an aircraft in un-airworthy condition?
Who is responsible for determine an aircraft’s air-worthiness?
What if they find the aircraft unworthy?
No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition.
The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight.
The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.
91.9
Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking, and Placard Requirements
No one may pilot an aircraft without complying with limitations provided in the POH.
No one may operate unless
- all necessary identification placards
- operating manual/handbook
- unless in accordance to Part 45
9.17
Alcohol or Drugs
No person may operate an aircraft if:
(1) Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage; (UND is 12 hours )
(2) While under the influence of alcohol;
(3) While using any drug that affects the person’s faculties in any way contrary to safety; or
(4) While having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater
(b) Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that aircraft.
91.103
Preflight Action
Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include—
- Takeoff/Landing Distance
- Runway Conditions
- Airport Information of all intended aircports
- Aircraft performance under expected values of airport elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross weight, and wind and temperature
91.105
Flight Crewmembers at Stations
During takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight crew member shall—(2)
UNLESS: (2)
During takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight crew member shall—
- Be at crew member station unless absence is necessary for crew member duties
- Keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station
UNLESS:
- Seat is not equipped with a safety harness or safety belt.
- Crew member is unable to perform duties while harnessed
91.107
Use of Safety Belts…
.
91.111 (3)
Operating Near Other Aircraft
- No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
- No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.
- No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
91.113
Right of Way Rules
General
In Distress: Overtaking: Landing: Head On: Hierarchy.
When weather conditions permit, regardless of whether an operation is conducted under instrument flight rules or visual flight rules, vigilance shall be maintained by each person operating an aircraft so as to see and avoid other aircraft. When a rule of this section gives another aircraft the right-of-way, the pilot shall give way to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear
In distress - An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic.
Overtaking - Each aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and each pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right to pass well clear.
Landing. Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while landing, have the right-of-way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface, except that they shall not take advantage of this rule to force an aircraft off the runway surface which has already landed and is attempting to make way for an aircraft on final approach.
Head On : Both Deviate Right
Aircraft Hierarchy:
Balloon
Glider
Airship
91.119
Minimum Safe Altitudes
Anywhere:
Over Congested Areas:
Over other than congested areas:
-Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
- Over congested areas.
1,000 feet above highest object
2,000 feet horizontally
-Over other than congested areas
An altitude of 500 feet above the surface
- except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
91.121
Altimeter Settings
Each person operating an aircraft shall maintain the cruising altitude or flight level of that aircraft, as the case may be, by reference to an altimeter that is set, when operating—
Below 18,000 feet:
what if you don’t have a radio?
Above 18,000 feet:
Below 18,000 feet:
- Current reported altitude of airport within 100 NM
- If no reporting within 100NM setting from an appropriate source
If you have no radio, the elevation or altimeter setting used before takeoff.
Above 18,000 feet: 29.92
91.125
ATC Light Signals
Steady Green Flashing Green Steady Red Flashing read Flashing White Alternating Red and Green
Color and Type/Meaning on Ground/Meaning in Flight
- Steady green/Cleared for takeoff /Cleared to land
- Flashing green/Cleared to taxi/Return for landing (to be followed by steady green at proper time).
Steady red/Stop/Give way to other aircraft and continue circling.
Flashing red/Taxi clear of runway in use/Airport unsafe—do not land.
Flashing white/Return to starting point on airport/Not applicable
Alternating red and green/Exercise extreme caution/Exercise extreme caution.
91.126
Class G Airspace
.
91.127
Class E Airspace
.
91.129
Class D Airspace
.
91.130
Class C Airspace
.
91.131
Class B Airspace
.
91.135
Class A Airspace
.
91.137
Temporary Flight Restrictions
.
91.151
Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
.
91.153
VFR Flight Plan
.
91.155
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
.
91.157
Special VFR Weather Minimums
.
91.159
VFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level
.
-
Flow Checklists9
-
Transponder6
-
Navigation11
-
Questions For Stage Check8
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Emergency Flow Checklists12
-
Maneuvers11
-
Radio Call Frequencies10
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Block 1 Study32
-
V-Speeds12
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Aircraft Systems72
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Basic Instrument Maneuvers ( IMC )8
-
Miscellaneous Malfunctions16
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Block 251
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Flight INstruments29
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Airworthiness VFR Requirements (Block 3)28
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National Airspace System (Block 4)31
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Airport Operations60
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Airport Communications23
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Necessary Regs (STAGE 25)11
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Aeronautical Charts10
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FAR ALL35
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Aeromedical Factors7
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Night Flight Illusions6
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Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) [Block 5]5
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Flight Physiology [Block 5]64
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Weather Theory [Block 5]41
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Aviation Weather Services [Block 5]22
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Radio Navigation30
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PTS Operation of Systems13
