Feedback

Question 1

Intrinsic feedback (definition and example)

When/how should it be used?

Answer 1

• Information about the movement that comes from the sensory system; usually signals from the proprioceptors. It is also known as kinaesthetic feedback’

For example: feeling the balance in the handstand

When/how should it be used?

• When performers become more skilled, they are able to detect and correct their own errors more easily.

Question 2

Intrinsic feedback advantages (3)

Answer 2

• Movements can be corrected or altered immediately
• Performer does not have to rely on others
• If at the autonomous stage feedback likely to be accurate; can be interpreted correctly and lead to improved performance

Question 3

Intrinsic feedback disadvantages (3)

Answer 3

• Not accurate interpretation if the performer is at the cognitive stage
• Some performers are not able to correctly feel and interpret the movement effectively
• Some performers may interpret the feedback correctly leading to a deterioration in performance

Question 4

Extrinsic feedback (definition)

When should it be used?

Answer 4

‘received from outside of the performer, usually via sound or vision. The information is given by a coach, teacher, video or photographs’

When should it be used?

• It is particularly useful in the cognitive and associative stages of learning, as the performer has yet to develop their kinaesthetic awareness, which allows them to correct their errors via intrinsic feedback.

Question 5

Extrinsic feedback advantages (2)

Answer 5

• Coach can give points which may lead to improvements
• Good for those that have not developed intrinsic feedback

Question 6

Extrinsic feedback disadvantages (3)

Answer 6

• Inaccurate feedback can be given resulting in negative transfer
• Source of feedback can lead to demotivation by the performer
• Does not encourage intrinsic/kinaesthetic feedback

Question 7

Positive feedback (definition)

When should it be used?

Answer 7

• ‘Designed to reinforce the correct action, it rewards the performer via praise or positive comments about the performance’

When should it be used?
This is used with all performers including novices as positive feedback can be given when only a small amount of improvement has been made.

Question 8

Positive feedback advantages (3)

Answer 8

• Can lead to positive reinforcement; therefore, enabling the correct S-R bond to be formed
• Can be motivational particularly for those in the cognitive stage
• Can build self-esteem and confidence of the performer

Question 9

Positive feedback disadvantages (2)

Answer 9

• If not deserved the performer may build inappropriate S-R bonds; leading to a deterioration in performance
• Not all performers respond well to praise and choose to ignore it!!

Question 10

Negative feedback (definition)

When should it be used?

Answer 10

• ‘Designed to discourage a repetition of the action if the technique was incorrect. It can be in the form of criticism and may concentrate on poor aspects of performance and results’

When should it be used?
The more experienced, confident and motivated the performer the more negative feedback can be used.

Question 11

Negative feedback advantage

Answer 11

Can be motivating to the performer

Question 12

Negative feedback disadvantages (2)

Answer 12

• If not deserved the performer may build inappropriate S-R bonds; leading to a deterioration in performance
• Not all performers respond well to praise and choose to ignore it!!

Question 13

Knowledge of results (definition and example)

When should it be used?

Answer 13

• ‘External and can come from a range of sources: coaches, statistics, evidence etc.’

For example: number of goals scored, completed passes

When should it be used?
This form of external feedback is important in the early stages of learning.

Question 14

Knowledge of Performance (definition and example)

When should it be used?

Answer 14

• ‘Information that the performer receives about the quality of his or her technique and or performance. It can be internal or external depending on the stage of learning.”

For example: a swimming coach may analyse the swimmers technique with use of video and adjust the training programme accordingly

When should it be used?
This is useful for experienced performers who are concerned with how well they performed.

Question 15

Effective Feedback - involves 4 things (include description)

Answer 15

Limited amount of information:

• Danger of overloading the performer ensure that information specific and easily understood

Immediacy:

• Should be given as soon as possible after the performance so that the performer can relate the information to their experiences

Related to the individual:

• Can relate to it so that they are accountable in future actions

Facilitating intrinsic feedback/kinaesthesis:

• Encourages performers to recognise themselves the quality of their movement therefore, being able to correct errors almost immediately