Guidance

Question 1

Verbal guidance (definition and 2 extra points)

Answer 1

• ‘Involves explaining the actions to be learnt’.
• Speech is used to describe the movement or to use key words to cue the learner’s attention.
• It is often used with visual guidance

Question 2

Advantages of Verbal guidance (6)

Answer 2

• Good for all stages of learning if combined with other forms of guidance
• Very useful for those in the autonomous stage of learning, who may be able to translate the information more easily and correct their faults; also where the focus is on tactics and positional play
• Feedback can be given immediately, both during and after the performance
• Focuses the performer’s attention on specific cues when observing a demonstration
• Can be used to motivate the performer if the attention of the is held
• Can be used to reinforce good movements and identify errors.

Question 3

Disdvantages of Verbal guidance (6)

Answer 3

• Demotivation if the performer is unable to replicate the skill
• Overload of information – key points should be limited to two or three at most
• Difficulty in understanding, especially for novice performers
• Some movements may be difficult to explain
• Over-reliance on feedback during and after performance
• Difficult with large groups and may become boring

Question 4

Visual Guidance

Answer 4

‘the process where an attempt is made to create a mental picture of the skill’.

Question 5

Advantages of visual guidance (3)

Answer 5

• Good for performers in the cognitive and associative stages of learning
• Provides a clear idea of the movement pattern to be performed – mental image
• Specific cues can be highlighted, which helps to focus the performer’s attention – encouraging observational learning

Question 6

Disvantages of visual guidance (4)

Answer 6

• Demotivation if the performer is unable to replicate the skill
• Can provide too much information to a novice performer
• Poor replication if the skill is inaccurate
• Static forms of guidance soon lose their impact

Question 7

Manual Guidance (with an example)

Answer 7

• ‘the process where the performer is physically placed, forced or supported in the correct position’.

For example: holding the arms of a golfer and forcing their arms through the movement.

Question 8

Manual/Mechanical Guidance advantages (6)

Answer 8

• Good for all stages of learning, especially novice performers
• Reduces fear and builds confidence
• Helps to reduce the risk in some potentially dangerous situations
• Development of the correct kinaesthetic awareness of the movement pattern
• Limited use in ballistic/complex movements
• Can be used to isolate an important aspect of the skill to practice as a sub-routine

Question 9

Manual/Mechanical Guidance disadvantages (5)

Answer 9

• Performer becoming over-reliant on help and support
• Lack of intrinsic feedback may not help develop true awareness of the movement pattern
• Performer does not learn from their own mistakes and may find it difficult to correct them independently
• Difficult in large group situations
• It can lead to a false sense of kinaesthesis, i.e. not getting a true sense of the skills

Question 10

Mechanical Guidance (with example)

Answer 10

• ‘the process where the performer is physically supported by a mechanical device’.

For example: using a twisting belt in trampolining.