Feedback and Guidance

Question 1

What are the 6 purposes of feedback?

Answer 1

1 - Motivates
2 - Tells you what to do next time/how to improve
3 - Builds confidence
4 - Offers reinforcement
5 - Promotes learning by strengthening S-R bond
6 - Helps develop motor programmes

Question 2

What are the 6 types of feedback?

Answer 2

1 - Intrinsic
2 - Extrinsic
3 - Positive 
4 - Negative 
5 - Knowledge of performance 
6 - Knowledge of results

Question 3

Describe intrinsic feedback

Answer 3

Information which is...
- From within the performer
- From proprioceptors
- Usually about knowledge of performance
E.g. you can feel if you are holding a handstand still in gymnastics

Question 4

How is intrinsic feedback helpful?

Answer 4

You can feel if your technique is correct or incorrect and can fix it if incorrect

Question 5

Describe extrinsic feedback

Answer 5

Information which is...
- Feedback from outside the performer
- Verbal
- Visual
E.g. coach commending you when you make good pass in football

Question 6

How is extrinsic feedback helpful?

Answer 6

It motivates when doing the right thing

Corrections can be made when performing incorrectly

Question 7

Describe positive feedback

Answer 7

• Praise when successfully performed
• Reinforces learning by strengthening S-R bond
• Use with beginners when they make small improvements
• Must be balanced so it doesn’t give false impression of success

Question 8

How is positive feedback helpful?

Answer 8

It is motivating

Question 9

Describe negative feedback

Answer 9

• Criticism when performance is unsuccessful
• Usually extrinsic from coach
• Used more extensively with experts

Question 10

How is negative feedback helpful?

Answer 10

It highlights errors so you can make improvements

Question 11

Describe knowledge of results

Answer 11

• Information about the outcome of performance

E.g. Did that shot go in?

Question 12

How is knowledge of results helpful?

Answer 12

• Highlights errors

- Motivating when performance is successful

Question 13

Describe knowledge of performance

Answer 13

Feedback concerning…

• Information about how well a movement was executed
• How close technique was to perfect technical model
• During action - can feel if correct or not

Question 14

How is knowledge of performance helpful?

Answer 14

• Gives information about correct technique

Question 15

What are the 4 types of guidance?

Answer 15

1 - Visual
2 - Verbal
3 - Manual
4 - Mechanical

Question 16

What is Visual guidance?

Answer 16

When the learner is shown a visual image of the skill or movement
This can by by:
- Demonstration
- Moving images (video animation/slow motion)
- Still images/pictures

Question 17

Who is visual guidance for and why?

Answer 17

• Important for learners in the cognitive/early associative stages of learning
• To provide a clear idea if the movement pattern and technique and develop a mental image
• Good for large groups
• Important for injury prevention

Question 18

How can you make visual guidance effective?

Answer 18

• Demonstrations should be accurate
• The learner must be paying attention and in best position to see
• Attention directed to the key aspects of the skill - known as ‘cueing’
• Demonstrations are repeated but aren’t too long
• Demonstrations seem attainable : use models of similar age/ability
• Make sure the skill is within performer’s physical and mental capabilities

Question 19

What is verbal guidance?

Answer 19

Use of speech to describe the desired movement

• Often used alongside visual guidance to highlight important aspects of a demonstration
• Limited use in isolation as many skills are difficult to describe
• To make verbal guidance effective it is important not to speak for too long or bottleneck will result

Question 20

What is manual guidance?

Answer 20

• This is when the response of a performer is directed physically by another person e.g. a tennis coach holding the arm of a performer and taking their arm through the movement of a forehand stroke
• This is most effective for beginners and/or when the skill is difficult or dangerous
• The disadvantage of this type of guidance is that the performer may not develop their own kinaesthetic feel of the movement, so it should be used sparingly

Question 21

What is mechanical guidance?

Answer 21

• This is physical support for a performer from another person or mechanical device e.g. armbands for swimming, stabilisers for a bicycle, coach supporting a gymnast over a vault
• This kind of support gives the performer confidence to ‘have a go’ at an activity/task as they know that they are safe
• It allows the performer to develop a kinaesthetic feel of the skill