Feedstuffs

Question 1

what are the 4 classifications of feeds? describe

Answer 1

1. concentrates: high nutrient, low fiber
2. roughages: high fiber, low nutrient
3. vitamins/minerals
4. feed additives: non-nutritive feedstuffs

Question 2

what are the 2 types of concentrates?

Answer 2

1. energy concentrates: high energy, low fiber

2. protein concetrates: high protein (at least 20% CP), low fiber

Question 3

what are the 3 reasons for adding feed additives?

Answer 3

1. improve efficiency of feed utilization
2. imrpove feed acceptance/palatability
3. beneficial to the health of metabolism of animal (ex. pellet binders, medication, probiotics or prebiotics)

Question 4

what is the main type of feed fed as an energy source?

Answer 4

cereals, members of the grass fmaily that are primary energy sources for humans and nonruminant animals

Question 5

give 6 cereals that are fed for energy

Answer 5

1. corn
2. millet (and sorghum)
3. wheat
4. barley
5. oats
6. rye

Question 6

what is the most important feed grain with a highly digestible energy content?

Answer 6

corn

Question 7

describe the energy content of corn (4)

Answer 7

1. high in starch
2. low in fiber
3. approx 4% oil
4. high in unsaturated fats, so is liquid at room temp

Question 8

describe the mineral content of corn

Answer 8

low in calcium, high in unavaliable phosphorous

Question 9

why is unavailable phosphorous a problem?

Answer 9

it has phytate, making the P unavailable to the animal by binding it; the animal doesn’t benefit, plus the phosphorous is then excreted into the environment and enters the water supply

Question 10

what can be done to combat unavailable phosphorous?

Answer 10

feed phytase to make the P more absorbable

Question 11

describe the protein content of corn

Answer 11

1. 9% CP

2. poor quality protein bc of high zein content

Question 12

describe the vitamin content of corn (3)

Answer 12

1. high in vitamin A due to carotenoid pigments
2. contains xanthophylls
3. low in niacin, must add B vitamins to diet to counteract

Question 13

what are xanthophylls?

Answer 13

color pigments that are incorporated into animal products and necessary for consumer acceptance

Question 14

what mold is corn susceptible to? what does this do?

Answer 14

Aspergillus flavus; produces the mycotoxin Aflatoxin

Question 15

what can mycotoxins like Aflatoxin on corn do to animals? (3)

Answer 15

1. reduced feed intake, caused reduced growth
2. diarrhea
3. liver damage

Question 16

where are millet and sorghum major food grains?

Answer 16

semiarid tropics

Question 17

where is millet often fed?

Answer 17

in bird seed

Question 18

what is sorghum also called? where is it fed?

Answer 18

milo; in domestic animal feed

Question 19

describe the energy content of sorghum (and millet)

Answer 19

1. similar to corn but

2. requires processing to improve digestibility

Question 20

describe the protein content of sorghum (and millet)

Answer 20

1. 10% CP

2. poor quality protein; amino acid availability is low

Question 21

what are deleterious factors?

Answer 21

anything that can cause harm or decrease usability of feed

Question 22

what is the deleterious factor of sorghum (and millet) and why bad?

Answer 22

condensed tannins that
1. react with proteins and cause digestive disturbances and decrease palatability but can be overcome by processing methods

Question 23

is wheat commonly used in animals? why or why not?

Answer 23

no mostly used in humans, not cost effective for animals

Question 24

describe the energy content of wheat

Answer 24

just similar to corn, yay

Question 25

how does wheat differ from corn?

Answer 25

has 13% CP, which is higehr than corn

Question 26

describe the energy content of barley

Answer 26

lower than corn

Question 27

describe the protein content of barley

Answer 27

12% CP, also higher than corn

Question 28

what are the 2 deleterious factors of barley?

Answer 28

1. high in unavailable phosphorous bound to phytate | 2. contains beta-glucans

Question 29

what do beta-glucans in barley do? (2)

Answer 29

1. reduces digesta flow rate and lipid absorption | 2. causes sticky excreta in poultry which is a problem with only have one hole

Question 30

how can the beta-glucans in barley be overcome?

Answer 30

can add glucanases to feed to assist with digestion

Question 31

what animals are mostly fed oats and why?

Answer 31

horses, hella expensive

Question 32

describe the energy content of oats

Answer 32

low

Question 33

describe the soluble fiber content in oats?

Answer 33

high

Question 34

what is usually done to improve the digestibility of oats?

Answer 34

usually must be processed (rolled, etc.)

Question 35

describe the protein content of oats

Answer 35

12% CP, which is somewhat high and that protein is high quality too so yay

Question 36

what is the protein content of rye?

Answer 36

12% CP

Question 37

what are the 3 negative characteristics of rye?

Answer 37

1. ergot 2. pectins 3. pentosans

Question 38

what is ergot? what does it cause? (4)

Answer 38

a fungus of rye that causes loss of tips of extremities, reduced growth, abortions, and agalactia

Question 39

what are pectins? what do they cause? (2)

Answer 39

deleterious factor of rye that causes digestive disturbances and sticky excreta

Question 40

what are pentosans? what do they cause? (2)

Answer 40

carbohydrate structures of rye that cause digestive disturbances and diarrhea

Question 41

give 3 energy sources that are not cereal grains

Answer 41

1. buckwheat 2. liquid molasses 3. dried by-product feeds

Question 42

describe the protein content of buckwheat

Answer 42

11% CP, high quality!

Question 43

what is a deleterious factor of buckwheat?

Answer 43

contains fagopyrin

Question 44

what does fagopyrin do?

Answer 44

of buckwheat, causes photosensitization of light-skinned animals, which can be an issue with pasture animals that will become very sensitive to UV rays

Question 45

describe the sugar and protein content of molasses?

Answer 45

48% sugar, very low protein

Question 46

how much of the diet can be molasses? why?

Answer 46

up to 30% of the diet as an energy source, any higher and will be laxative

Question 47

why is molasses usually fed?

Answer 47

to increase acceptance and palatability of a feedstuff

Question 48

describe molasses toxicity in ruminants

Answer 48

when all the suger gets fermented into ketogenic butyrate, ketotic effects such as blindness and incoordination can occur, so don't overfeed molasses in ruminants!

Question 49

give 3 dried by-product feed energy sources

Answer 49

1. beet pulp 2. citrus pulp 3. dried bakery by-product

Question 50

describe beet pulp

Answer 50

highly palatable due to sugar residue

Question 51

describe citrus pulp

Answer 51

less palatable than beet pulp but a good energy source and can be mixed with molasses to improve acceptance

Question 52

describe dried bakery by-product

Answer 52

super palatable, high energy, and cheap