Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

what do vitamins do ruminants usually not require in supplementation?

A

vitamin B and K

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2
Q

what is vitamin A?

A

anything that can be converted to retinol or that retonol can be converted to

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3
Q

what are the 3 physiological functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. vision
  2. cell proliferation and differentiation
  3. gene transcription
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4
Q

what are the 5 symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. night blindness leading to full blindness
  2. abnormal bone growth
  3. rough hair coat
  4. degeneration of mucus membranes
  5. impaired growth
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5
Q

what is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?

A

vitamin A

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity? generally and then 4 specific

A

similar to deficiency

  1. skeletal malformations
  2. reduced growth
  3. conjunctivitis
  4. reproductive failure
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7
Q

what are the 2 major forms of vitamin D?

A
  1. D2, ergocalciferol

2. D3, cholecalciferol

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8
Q

where is vitamin D synthesized?

A

in the skin, when skin is exposed to UV rays

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9
Q

why must vitamin D be supplemented if it is synthesized in the skin?

A

some animals, like dogs and cats, aren’t great at synthesizing it, or they can’t synthesize at sufficient rates to meet requirements

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10
Q

when vitamin D is synthesized in the body, describe its metabolism in 2 steps to active form

A
  1. production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver (inactive form)
  2. production of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D in the kidney, which is the active form, this is done in response to parathyroid hormone
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11
Q

what is the main function of vitamin D?

A

to maintain calcium homeostasis

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12
Q

how does vitamin D maintain calcium homeostasis? (2)

A
  1. increases efficiency oof intestinal calcium absorption

2. increases calcium mobilization from bone (bone resorption to send calcium to bloodstream and needy tissues)

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13
Q

what is caused by a calcium deficiency?

A

rickets/osteomalacia

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14
Q

what is rickets?

A

softening of the bone; main symptom is bow-leggedness

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15
Q

describe how vitamin D works with the diet to maintain calcium homeostasis

A

vitamin D increases calcium receptors on the brush border, but if there isn’t calcium in the diet, good fucking good those receptors are gonna do

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16
Q

is there a need to supplement vitamin D if there is good sun exposure?

A

nah

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17
Q

describe the range of vitamin D requirements acorss species

A

wide range depending on sunlight exposure; llamas have hella high requirements (high elevation, lots of sunlight) but the African mole rat has NO vitamin D requirement (lives underground)

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18
Q

what is vit E also called?

A

alpha-tocopherol

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19
Q

what is the function of vitamin E?

A

prevention of membrane lipids from oxidative damage, or acts as an antioxidant

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20
Q

describe how vitamin E being a fat soluble vitamin enables its function

A

since it’s fat soluble it is associated with the lipid bilayer and can work with water soluble vitamins to do its job

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21
Q

what are the 4 vitamin E deficency symptoms and in what species?

A
  1. muscular dystrophy in most species
  2. liver necrosis in swine and rats
  3. fetal resorption in rats
  4. encephalomalacia in poultry (breakdown of cell membranes as lipids are oxidized)
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22
Q

when found in plants what is vitamin K also called?

A

phylloquinone

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23
Q

when found in bacteria what is vitamin K also called?

A

menaquinone

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24
Q

what is the function of vitamin K?

A

post-translational modification of proteins (carboxylation) that is required for protein function

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25
give two specific protein functions that vitamin K is required for?
1. clotting factors | 2. osteocalcin (important for bone strength)
26
what is the symptom of a vitamin K deficiency?
reduced blood clotting ability
27
what is the general funciton of B vitamins?
some function as enzyme co-factors in energy metabolism
28
is toxicity usually an issue with B vitamins? why or why not?
rarely an issue; B vitamins are water soluble so any excess is excreted in urine
29
how do ruminants usually obtain B vitamins?
their rumens synthesize B vitamins in sufficient amounts to meet requirement
30
describe how horses obtain B vitamins
although B vitamins are synthesized in the hindgut, horses usually receive vitamin B supplementation in their diets as well
31
what is vitamin B1?
thiamin
32
what are the 2 functions of thiamin?
1. decarboxylation of ketoacids | 2. transketolocation via pyruvate dehydrogenase (pull off and yield acetyl CoA)
33
what body function is thiamin necessary for?
DNA and RNA synthesis through transketolocation
34
what usually causes a thiamin deficiency?
destruction of thiamin in diet or DI tract via thiaminases
35
what does a thiamin deficiency generally result in?
impaired carbohydrate synthesis, leads to no energy or lack of
36
what are the 5 specific symptoms of a thiamin deficiency?
1. anorexia 2. convulsions 3. paralysis 4. reduced heart rate 5. subnormal body temperature
37
what is vitamin B2?
riboflavin
38
what in the funciton of riboflavin?
necessary for synthesis of flavocoenzymes
39
what are the 2 flavocoenzymes from riboflavin, what are their functions?
1. flavin mononucleotide: required for ETC | 2. flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) also all the pathways
40
what are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency in poultry? (2)
1. curled toe paralysis in chicks | 2. reduced egg production and hatchability
41
what are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency in all species? (3)
1. skin lesions 2. reduced growth 3. reproductive failure
42
what is vitamin B3?
niacin
43
what are the two forms of niacin?
1. nicotinic acid | 2. nicotinamide
44
what is the function of niacin?
formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD!!) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP!!)
45
what is the disease caused by niacin deficiency? what are the 3 symptoms?
pellagra 1. dermatitis 2. dementia 3. diarrhea
46
describe the niacin-tryptophan interrelationship
metabolic requirement for niacin can be met by conversion of tryptophan to niacin
47
what is vitamin B5?
pantothenic acid
48
what are the 2 functions of pantothenic acid?
1. coenzyme A synthesis | 2. acyl carrier protein synthesis (move acyl groups around inside the cell)
49
what are the 3 symptoms of a pantothenic acid deficiency?
1. reduced growth 2. dermatitis 3. goose-stepping gait in pigs
50
what are the 3 names for vitamin B6?
1. pyridoxine 2. pyridoxamine 3. pyridoxal
51
what is the function of vitamin B6?
it's a cofactor for enzymes
52
give 5 enzymes that vitamin B6 is a cofactor for?
1. aminotransferases 2. decarboxylases 3. heme biosynthesis 4. cysteine synthesis 5. glycogen phosphorylase (necessary for glycogenolysis)
53
what are the 3 symptoms of a vitamin B6 deficiency?
1. convulsions 2. dermatitis 3. impaired reproduction (decreased litter size, abortions, failure to get pregnant)
54
what is vitamin B9?
folate
55
what is the function of folate?
1-carbon metabolism
56
give 3 processes of 1-carbon metabolism
1. interconversion of glycine and serine 2. methionine cycle 3. nucelotide synthesis
57
what is the symptom of a folate deficiency?
anemia (weak and lethargic)
58
what is vitamin B12?
cobalamin
59
what is the function of cobalamin?
it is an intrinsic factor needed for absorption, is synthesized by parietal cells in the stomach; if there is no intrinsic factor, there is a vitamin B12 deficiency
60
what is vitamin B12 a cofactor for? (2)
1. methlmalonyl CoA mutase | 2. methionine synthase
61
along with vitamin B12, what else is a cofactor required for methionine synthase? how does this impact treatment?
folate (B9); a folate and a cobalamin (B12) deficiency will have identical symptoms, so if see those symptoms, treat for both B9 and B12 deficiency to cover bases
62
what are the 3 symptoms of a B12 (cobalamine) deficiency?
1. decreased growth 2. anemia 3. poor reproduction
63
what 3 vitamins are required for the methionine cycle?
1. folate (B9) 2. B6 3. B12
64
what is vitamin B7?
biotin
65
what is the function of biotin (B7)?
carboxylase synthesis
66
what what 4 carboxylases that are synthesized by B7?
1. acetyl CoA carboxylase (FA synthesis) 2. pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis) 3. proprionyl CoA carboxylase (proprionate to succinyl CoA) 4. 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (catabolism of leucine)
67
is B7 easy to supplement? how is it usually provided
no, it's pretty expensive to supplement; try to provide in the diet instead
68
what are the symptoms of biotin (B7) deficiency in non-ruminants? (4)
1. dermatitis 2. cracks in foot pads 3. poor growth 4. loss of hair or feathers
69
what are the symptoms of biotin (B7) deficiency in ruminants and horses?
1. hoof cracks | 2. lesions
70
what is/was B4?
choline
71
is choline necessarily a vitamin?
sometimes, but it is synthesized in the body so it is not a dietary essential but can still be supplemented for beneficial reasons, such as to improve growth rate
72
what are the 4 functions of choline?
1. phospholipid synthesis 2. neurotransmission (acteyl choline) 3. chylomicron synthesis 4. methyl group donor (1-carbon metabolism)
73
is vitamin C water or fat soluble?
water soluble
74
what is vitamin C also called?
ascorbic acid
75
what 4 species is vitamin C essential for?
1. primates 2. guinea pigs 3. some exotics 4. some fish species
76
do most animals have a vitamin C requirement?
nope, only the 4 named earlier
77
what is vitamin C synthesized from?
glucose
78
what enzyme converts glucose to vitamin C?
gulonolactone oxidase
79
do species that do NOT have a vitamin C requirement have gulonolactone oxidase?
nope, they lack it
80
what are the 2 functions of vitamin C?
1. required for oxygenase activity | 2. antixoidant
81
give the 5 oxygenase activity functions of vitamin C
1. collagen synthesis 2. carnitine synthesis 3. norepinephrine synthesis 4. activation of peptide hormones 5. tyrosine oxidation
82
describe the antioxidant function of vitamin C
similar to vitamin E, but the water soluble version, so is found OUTSIDE the cell membranes (E is IN the membranes); E and C work in complimentary fashion to protect lipid membranes
83
what is the disease caused by vitamin C deficiency called?
scurvy
84
what are the 5 symptoms of scurvy, as a result of vitamin C deficiency?
1. bruising/hemorrhaging 2. rough coat 3. painful joints 4. lethargy 5. dental issues
85
why are the symptoms of scurvy/vitamin C deficiency structural-related?
because vitamin C responsible for collagen synthesis so lack of collagen leads to loss of structural integrity
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