fieldm2

Question 1

• the study of being which is concerned with what actually exists in the world about which humans can acquire knowledge. Is a system of belief that reflects an interpretation by an individual about what constitutes a fact

Answer 1

Ontology

Question 2

TWO DOMINANT POSITIONS WITHIN ONTOLOGY
the researcher views the world as existing
separately from humans and their interpretations of it.

Answer 2

Realist ontology:

Question 3

• how we view the world

Answer 3

Ontology

Question 4

TWO DOMINANT POSITIONS WITHIN ONTOLOGY
is based on the philosophy that reality is
constructed within the human mind, such that no one ‘true’
reality exists.

Answer 4

Relativist ontology

Question 5

• how we should investigate the world

Answer 5

Epistemology

Question 6

• details of exactly how we collect data

Answer 6

Methods

Question 7

• how we should best collect data

Answer 7

Methodology

Question 8

• is a way of looking at the world and making sense of it. It involves knowledge and, necessarily, it embodies a certain understanding of what that knowledge entails.
• How can I know reality?
• The belief that reality needs to be interpreted to discover the underlying meaning
• Knowledge should be examined using whatever tools are best suited to solve the problem

Answer 8

Epistemology

Question 9

represented the traditional form of research, and these assumptions hold true more for quantitative research than qualitative research.

• hold a deterministic philosophy in which causes (probably) determine effects or outcomes.
• knowledge is based on careful observation and measurement of the objective reality that exists “out there in the world”
• there are laws or theories that govern the world, and these need to be tested or verified and refined so that we can understand the world

Answer 9

Postpositivist worldview -

Question 10

Key assumptions of Postpositivist Worldview
1. Knowledge is conjectural (and antifoundational)—absolute
truth can never be found.
2. Research is the process of making claims and then refining or
abandoning some of them for other claims more strongly
warranted.
3. Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape
knowledge.
4. Research seeks to develop relevant, true statements, ones that
can serve to explain the situation of concern or that describe
the causal relationships of interest.
5. Being objective is an essential aspect of competent inquiry;
researchers must examine methods and conclusions for bias.

Answer 10

Key assumptions of Postpositivist Worldview
1. Knowledge is conjectural (and antifoundational)—absolute
truth can never be found.
2. Research is the process of making claims and then refining or
abandoning some of them for other claims more strongly
warranted.
3. Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape
knowledge.
4. Research seeks to develop relevant, true statements, ones that
can serve to explain the situation of concern or that describe
the causal relationships of interest.
5. Being objective is an essential aspect of competent inquiry;
researchers must examine methods and conclusions for bias.

Question 11

• is often combined with interpretivism and is typically seen as an approach to qualitative research
• believe that individuals seek understanding of the world in which they live and work
• the questions become broad and general so that the participants can construct the meaning of a situation

Answer 11

The constructivist worldview/ social constructivism

Question 12

Key assumptions of Constructivist Worldview

1. Human beings construct meanings as
   they engage with the world they are
   interpreting.
2. Humans engage with their world and
   make sense of it based on their historical
   and social perspectives—we are all
   born into a world of meaning bestowed
   upon us by our culture.
3. The basic generation of meaning is
   always social, arising in and out of
   interaction with a human community.

Answer 12

Key assumptions of Constructivist Worldview

1. Human beings construct meanings as
   they engage with the world they are
   interpreting.
2. Humans engage with their world and
   make sense of it based on their historical
   and social perspectives—we are all
   born into a world of meaning bestowed
   upon us by our culture.
3. The basic generation of meaning is
   always social, arising in and out of
   interaction with a human community.

Question 13

• hold that research needs to be entwined with a political agenda that may change the lives of participants, institutions, and the researcher’s life.
• address issues of empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, alienation
• focuses on the needs of groups and individuals in our society that may be marginalized or disenfranchised
• Provides a voice for participants, raising consciousness and advancing an agenda for change to improve their lives.

Answer 13

The transformative worldview

Question 14

Key features of Transformative Worldview

1. It places central importance on the study of lives and
   experiences of diverse groups that have traditionally been
   marginalized.
2. In studying these diverse groups, the research focuses on
   inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, disability, sexual
   orientation, and socioeconomic class that result in asymmetric
   power relationships.
3. The research in the transformative worldview links political and
   social action to these inequities.
4. Transformative research uses a program theory of beliefs about
   how a program works and why the problems of oppression,
   domination, and power relationships exist.

Answer 14

Key features of Transformative Worldview

1. It places central importance on the study of lives and
   experiences of diverse groups that have traditionally been
   marginalized.
2. In studying these diverse groups, the research focuses on
   inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, disability, sexual
   orientation, and socioeconomic class that result in asymmetric
   power relationships.
3. The research in the transformative worldview links political and
   social action to these inequities.
4. Transformative research uses a program theory of beliefs about
   how a program works and why the problems of oppression,
   domination, and power relationships exist.

Question 15

• arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions (as in post positivism)
• instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and question and use all approaches available to understand the problem

Answer 15

Pragmatic Worldview

Question 16

Pragmatism Philosophical Basis for Research

• Pragmatism is not committed to any one system of
  philosophy and reality.
• Individual researchers have a freedom of choice.
• Pragmatists do not see the world as an absolute
  unity.
• Truth is what works at the time. It is not based in a
  duality between reality independent of the mind or
  within the mind.

Answer 16

Pragmatism philosophical basis for research

• The pragmatist researchers look to the what and
  how to research based on the intended
  consequences—where they want to go with it.
• Pragmatists agree that research always occurs in
  social, historical, political, and other contexts.
• Thus, for the mixed methods researcher, pragmatism
  opens the door to multiple methods, different
  worldviews, and different assumptions, as well as
  different forms of data collection and analysis.

Question 17

• knowing is one of the most specific human processes and this is its result.

Answer 17

Knowledge