PSYCHSTATQUALIFYING

Question 1

• a branch of mathematics that involves data collection, analysis. and presentation
• a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

How do we use ______ in the field of psychology?
1) Describe
2) Predict
3) Explain
4) Control

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

• the entire set of the individuals of interest for a particular research question

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

• is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population
• is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

Answer 3

Parameter

Question 4

• a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

Answer 4

Sample

Question 5

• is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample
• is usually derived from measurement of the individuals in the sample

Answer 5

Statistic

Question 6

• a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Answer 6

Variable

Question 7

TYPES OF VARIABLE
- consists of separate, indivisible categories
- no values can exist between two neighboring categories

Answer 7

Discrete

Question 8

TYPES OF VARIABLE

• an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values.
• a ____ is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts
• temperature, weight, height, etc.

Answer 8

Continuous

Question 9

• one that takes one of only two possible values when observed or measured

Artificial Dichotomous - derived from scores
True Dichotomous - naturally occuring

Answer 9

Dichotomous variable

Question 10

• possible number or category that a score can have

Answer 10

Values

Question 11

• a single measurement or observation
• the particular value

Answer 11

Score

Question 12

• are measurements or observations

Answer 12

Data

Question 13

are collection of measurements or observations

Answer 13

Data set -

Question 14

• statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplfy data

Answer 14

Descriptive Statistics

Question 15

• the naturally occuring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Answer 15

Sampling Error

Question 16

• categories used to measure a variable
• classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables

Answer 16

Scales of measurements

Question 17

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

• having to do with “names”
• categorical variable
• a set of categories that have different names
• not quantitative values, they are occasionally represented by numbers

Answer 17

Nominal

Question 18

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

• rank-order variable
• a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence
• clothing size, class rank, level of stress (low, average, high), likert scale

Answer 18

Ordinal

Question 19

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

• ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size
• equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude
• no absolute zero
• temperature, IQ, stress, motivation

Answer 19

Interval

Question 20

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

• highest form of measurement
• an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point
• number of correct answers, weigh gain

Answer 20

Ratio

Question 21

• an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement

Answer 21

Frequency Distribution

Question 22

• the percentage of individuals in the distribution with scores at or below the particular value
• exact position within the distribution

Answer 22

Percentile Rank

Question 23

• represent the accumulation of individuals as you move up the scale

Answer 23

Cumulative frequency

Question 24

• a statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution
• the goal of_____ is to find the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group

Answer 24

Measure of central tendency

Question 25

- a distribution is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores (average)

Answer 25

Mean

Question 26

- a mean where some values contribute more than others. - when calculating a theoretically expected outcome where each outcome has a different probability of occuring

Answer 26

Weighted mean

Question 27

- midpoint of the list - the scores in a distribution are listed in order from smalles to largest -extreme scores or skewed distributions -undetermined values -open-ended distributions -ordinal scale

Answer 27

Median

Question 28

- the score or category that has the greates frequency - nominal scales -discrete variables

Answer 28

Mode

Question 29

- a quantitative measure of the difference between scores in a distribution - describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered together - how well an individual score represents the entire distribution - inferential statistics in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about populations

Answer 29

Measure of variability

Question 30

- the distance covered by the scores in a distribution from the smallest score to the largest score

Answer 30

Range

Question 31

- most commonly used and the most important measure of variability - a measure of the standard or average distance from the mean, and describes whether the scores are clustered closely around the mean or are widely scattered - low in this (spread) means low volatility while a high of this (spread) means higher volatility

Answer 31

Standard Deviation

Question 32

- a form of regression analysis to determine the variave from data points from the mean - if there is a low of____ it means there's low variation. A higher of this means higher variance

Answer 32

Sum of the squared deviation

Question 33

- a standard score to identfy and describe the exact location of each score in a distribution - always consists of two parts (+or-) signifies whether the score is above or below the mean - its numerical value specifies the distance from the mean by counting the number of standard deviations between X and μ

Answer 33

Z- scores

Question 34

- as a fraction or a proportion of all the possible outcomes - predict the type of samples that are likely to be obtained from the population

Answer 34

Probability

Question 35

- a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population

Answer 35

Hypothesis testing

Question 36

- states that in the general population there is not change, no difference, or no relationship - predicts that the independent variable (treatment) has no effect on the dependent variable (scores) for the population.

Answer 36

Null hypothesis

Question 37

- states that there is a change, a difference, or a relationship for the general population -predicts that the independent variable (treatment) does have an effect on the dependent variable

Answer 37

Alternative Hypothesis

Question 38

-determines whether there is a statistical significance or differnece in one direction - a test is ____ when it predicts a change in results in one direction -if you have a clear and specific expectation about the direction of the effect.

Answer 38

One-tailed test (directional)

Question 39

-determines if there is statistical significance or difference between two groups in either direction - a test is ___ if it does not predict a chance in results in either direction - if you have not specific expectation or if both directions are equally plausible

Answer 39

Two-tailed test (Non-directional)

Question 40

- a probability value that is used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test - is a small probability that is used to identify the low-probability samples

Answer 40

Alpha level

Question 41

- actual area under the standard normal distribution curve representing the probability of a particular sample statistic or a more extreme sample statistic occuring if the null hypothesis is true

Answer 41

P value

Question 42

- used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean when the value of the variance is unknown

Answer 42

T-statistics

Question 43

- assumes that the source population is normally distributed - interval or ratio and tat the population from which the samples are drawn is normal Situations must meet these assumptions 1) Population mean is known 2) but the population standard devision is unknown 3) Sample size is less than 30

Answer 43

Parametric tests

Question 44

WHAT TYPE OF T-TEST - no. of variables:1 - type of variable: continuous - purpose: decide if the population mean is equal to a specific value or not

Answer 44

One sample t-test

Question 45

WHAT TYPE OF T-TEST -no. of variables: 2 type of variable: continuous, categorical/nominal to define group -purpose: decide if the population means for two different grops are equal or not.

Answer 45

Independent samples t-test

Question 46

WHAT TYPE OF T-TEST -no. of variables: 2 - type of variable : continuous, nominal/categorical, pairing within group - purpose: decide if the difference between paired measurements for a population is zero or not.

Answer 46

Paired samples t-test

Question 47

- a hypothesis-testing procedure that is used to evaluate mean differences between two or more treatments (or populations)

Answer 47

Analysis of Variance

Question 48

- the variable (independent or quasi-independent) that designates the groups being compared

Answer 48

Factor

Question 49

the individual conditions or values that make up a factor

Answer 49

Level of factors -

Question 50

- a study that uses a seperate group of participants for each treatment condition - teaching methods affect academic performance - three levels: lecture-based, hands-on activities, problem-solving exercises.

Answer 50

Single factor design

Question 51

- a study that combines two different factors and to mix different design within one study - teaching methods and student motivation levels affect academic performance

Answer 51

Two factor design or a factorial design

Question 52

- are additional hypothesis test that are done after an ANOVA to determine exactly which mean differences are significant and which are not Tukey's HSD test - equal variances assumed is accepted Games Howell - equal variances not assumed is accepted

Answer 52

Post hoc tests (post tests)

Question 53

- a statistical technique that is used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables

Answer 53

Correlations

Question 54

- the two variables tend to chance in the same direction - as the value of the X variable increases from one individual to another

Answer 54

Positive correlation

Question 55

- the two variables tend to go in opposite directions - as the X variable increases, the Y variable decreases

Answer 55

Negative correlation

Question 56

1.00 indicates a _____ relationship

Answer 56

Perfect correlation

Question 57

- measures the degree and the direction of the linear relationship between two variables - most used correlation

Answer 57

Pearson correlation

Question 58

- consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected - interpretation of results

Answer 58

Inferential Statistics