1
Q
Q1: The pericardium lies within what?
A
The mediastinum.
2
Q
Q2: A positively charged ion is called what?
A
A cation
3
Q
Q3: What is diffusion?
A
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
4
Q
Q4: The process of water movement across a membrane is called what?
A
A4: Osmosis.
5
Q
What type of solution causes a red blood cell to gain water, swell, and possibly burst?A5: Hypotonic solution.
A
A5: Hypotonic solution.
6
Q
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a carrier protein. This is called what?
A
A6: Facilitated diffusion.
7
Q
Lactated Ringer’s and Normal Saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?
A
Crystalloids
8
Q
What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?
A
All of the above: modifies and packages secretions, renews the cell membrane, packages enzymes.
9
Q
What are the essential functions of epithelial cells?
A
All of the above: control permeability, provide protection, produce secretions.
10
Q
Antibodies are what?
A
Proteins that destroy invading pathogens.
11
Q
The first phase of tissue repair, when isolated from neighboring healthy tissue, is called what?
A
Inflammation.
12
Q
Q12: What is a blood clot mainly made of?
A
Fibrin
13
Q
Q13: Which part of bone produces red blood cells?
A
A13: Red marrow.
14
Q
Q14: The ends of long bones are called what?
A
A14: Epiphyses.
15
Q
Q15: What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
A
Calcium
16
Q
Q16: The complete displacement of a bone from its position in a joint is called what?
A
Dislocation
17
Q
Q17: The pelvic girdle is part of what division of the skeleton?
A
A17: Appendicular skeleton.
18
Q
Q18: Which bones form the roof and superior walls of the cranium?
A
A18: Parietal bones.
19
Q
Q19: The opening that connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity is called what?
A
A19: Foramen magnum.
20
Q
Q20: Which bone is suspended below the skull and supports tongue and pharynx muscles?
A
A20: Hyoid bone.
21
Q
Q21: What projection of C2 (axis) forms a pivot joint with C1 (atlas) to rotate the head?
A
A21: The dens (odontoid process).
22
Q
Q23: What neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons to communicate with muscle cells?
A
A23: Acetylcholine.
23
Q
Q22: What ion is the “key” that unlocks active sites in molecules for contraction?
A
A22: Calcium.
24
Q
Q24: All neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord makes up what?
A
A24: Peripheral nervous system.
25
Q25: The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called what?
A25: Glycogenolysis.
26
Q26: Special cells that initiate cardiac muscle contraction are called what?
A26: Pacemaker cells.
27
Q27: Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
A27: The diaphragm.
28
Q28: Information carried to the CNS travels through which division?
A28: Afferent division.
29
Q29: Motor commands carried from the CNS to muscles travel through which division?
A28: Afferent division.
30
Q30: Movement of the membrane potential toward zero, entry of sodium into the cell, is called what?
A30: Depolarization.
31
Q31: When the cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation, this is called what?
A31: Refractory period.
32
Q32: The space between the dura mater and vertebrae that contains adipose tissue is called what?
A32: Epidural space.Q33: What part of the brain controls autonomic functions like HR, BP, and digestion?
33
Q33: What part of the brain controls autonomic functions like HR, BP, and digestion?
A33: Medulla oblongata.
34
Q34: An imbalance of CSF production and absorption causes what?
A34: Hydrocephalus.
35
Q35: The skin area supplied by a single spinal nerve is called what?
Dermatome
36
Q36: Which autonomic division stimulates metabolism, alertness, and “fight-or-flight”?
A36: Sympathetic division.
37
Q37: Stimulation of beta-2 receptors causes what?
A37: Bronchodilation.
38
Q38: Pain felt in a different part of the body than the actual stimulus is called what?
A38: Referred pain.
39
Q39: Receptors that monitor changes in blood pressure (e.g., aorta) are called what?
A39: Baroreceptors.
40
Q40: What structure provides the highest level of endocrine control, linking nervous and endocrine?
Hypothalamus.
41
Q41: Which gland produces ADH and oxytocin?
Hypothalamus (stored/released by posterior pituitary).
42
Q42: What is the primary function of ADH?
A42: Decreases water loss in urine.
43
Q43: What disease occurs when kidneys don’t respond to ADH?
A43: Diabetes insipidus.
44
Q44: Which corticosteroid regulates electrolytes in body fluids?
A44: Aldosterone.
45
Q45: Which gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A45: Adrenal medulla.
46
Q46: Which hormone from the kidney stimulates red blood cell production?
A46: Erythropoietin.
47
Q47: When one hormone must be present for another to act, this is called what?
A47: Permissive effect.
48
Q48: What is the average pH of whole blood?
A48: 7.35–7.45.
49
Q49: Which plasma protein is part of clotting?
A49: Fibrinogen.
50
Q50: Which plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure?
Albumin
51
Q51: What organ synthesizes plasma proteins?
Liver
52
Q52: The percentage of whole blood made of formed elements is called what?
A52: Hematocrit.
53
Q53: Hemophilia A is a deficiency of what clotting factor?
v111
54
Q54: The network of vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs is called what?
A54: Pulmonary circuit.
55
Q55: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called what?
A55: Mitral (bicuspid) valve.
56
Q56: The right coronary artery divides into what branches?
Marginal and posterior descending arteries.
57
Influx of what ion initiates myocardial contraction?
Calcium.
58
Which fibers carry impulses through the ventricles to contractile cells?
Purkinje fibers.The P wave of an ECG represents what?
59
Q59: The P wave of an ECG represents what?
Atrial depolarization.
60
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one beat is called what?
Stroke volume.
61
Capillaries are how wide?
About the diameter of a single red blood cell.
62
Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle?
Tunica media.
63
Lipid buildup in the tunica media is called what?
Atherosclerosis.
64
Q64: What controls blood flow into capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters.
65
What connects arterioles and venules as a bypass?
Arteriovenous anastomosis.
66
Resistance of blood flow due to molecular interaction is called what?
Viscosity.
67
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is called what?
Pulse pressure.
68
What part of the brain has cardiac and vasomotor centers?
Medulla oblongata.
69
Which nerve releases acetylcholine to slow heart rate?
Vagus nerve.
70
Inadequate tissue perfusion (low O₂ at tissue level) is called what?
Shock.
71
Lymphatic vessels begin where and end where?
Begin in peripheral tissues, end connecting to the venous system.
72
Specialized immune system cells are called what?
Lymphocytes.
73
Chronic or excessive lymph node enlargement is called what?
Lymphadenopathy.
74
What lymphocytes directly attack infected or foreign cells?
T cells.
75
What lymphocytes produce and secrete antibodies?
B cells.
76
What organ is involved in T cell maturation?
Thymus.
77
Large lymphatic tissue collections in the spleen are called what?
White pulp (splenic nodules).
78
Small proteins released by virus-infected cells are called what?
Interferons.
79
What part of the body acts as thermostat for body temperature?
Hypothalamus.
80
What proteins reset the body’s thermostat and cause fever?
Pyrogens.
81
Immunity gained after exposure to antigen is called what?
A81: Naturally acquired active immunity.
82
Q82: When the immune system targets normal cells, this is what disorder?
A82: Autoimmune disorder.
83
The process of removing foreign particles by engulfing them is called what?
A83: Phagocytosis.
84
Q84: The cricoid cartilage provides what?
A84: Posterior support to the larynx.
85
What condition is treated by priority needle decompression?
A85: Tension pneumothorax.
86
Mechanical movement of air in and out of lungs is called what?
Ventilation.
87
Which gas primarily regulates respiratory activity?
Carbon dioxide.
88
Which section of the small intestine begins chemical digestion of lipids?
Duodenum.
89
Parietal cells secrete what?
Hydrochloric acid.
90
Forceful emptying of stomach contents is called what?
Emesis (vomiting).
91
Most common cause of cirrhosis?
Chronic alcohol abuse.
92
Waves of muscular contractions that move food through digestive tract?
Peristalsis.
93
Most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in U.S.?
Hepatitis C.
94
Which cranial nerve controls speech and swallowing?
Vagus (CN X).
95
Q95: The enzyme released by the kidney in response to hypotension is what?
Renin.
96
What hormone opposes RAAS when BP is high?
A96: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
97
Q97: Severe acidosis can cause what effects?
All of the above: CNS deterioration, vasodilation, reduced heart contractions.
98
Increased alveolar ventilation with CO₂ loss causes what?
Respiratory alkalosis.
99
Excess CO₂ retention causes what?
Respiratory acidosis.
100
Male sex hormones are called what?
A100: Androgens (e.g., testosterone).
101
Which molecule causes vasodilation in penile arteries during erection?
Nitric oxide.
102
Painful erection not resolving is called what?
Priapism.
103
Which of the following is a risk factor for preeclampsia?
First pregnancy, prior preeclampsia, chronic HTN, diabetes, kidney disease, autoimmune disease, obesity, multifetal pregnancy, age <20 or >35.
104
Fertilized eggs implanted in ovary, fallopian tube, or abdomen result in what?
A104: Ectopic pregnancy.
105
Q105: During pregnancy, what happens to maternal systems?
A105: ↑ blood volume, ↑ cardiac output, ↑ GFR, ↑ tidal volume; ↓ residual volume, ↓ GI motility.
106
Rising oxytocin stimulates what during labor?
Force and frequency of uterine contractions.
107
The expulsion stage of labor begins when?
At full cervical dilation (10 cm) and ends with delivery of the baby.
108
Most common cause of third-trimester bleeding?
Placenta previa.
109
A 45-year-old with RUQ pain radiating to right scapula after fatty meal suggests what?
Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation).
110
A 55-year-old male with sudden onset of excruciating flank pain suggests what?
Urinary calculi (kidney stones).
111
Patient with diabetes, confusion, agitation, worked outside in heat after insulin
Hypoglycemia.
112
Bleeding between dura mater and skull with rapid onset is called what?
Epidural hematoma.
113
Bleeding beneath dura mater with slow onset is called what?
Subdural hematoma.
114
What is resting membrane potential typically?
About –70 mV.
115
Q115: What fetal structure closes at birth?
Foramen ovale.
116
Besides fibrinogen, what protein forms clots?
Fibrin.
117
Which plasma protein helps regulate osmotic pressure?
Albumin.
118
Which organ makes most plasma proteins?
Liver.
119
Hemophilia A affects which factor?
Factor VIII.
120
Clumping of red blood cells together is called what?
Agglutination.
121
Q121: Which WBCs can engulf pathogens?
Phagocytes
122
Q122: Low platelet count is called what?
Thrombocytopenia.
123
Which circuit carries blood to and from lungs?
Pulmonary circuit.
124
Which valve is between left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral/bicuspid valve.
125
Which artery branches into marginal and posterior descending?
Right coronary artery.
126
Influx of what ion depolarizes cardiac cells?
Sodium.
127
Q127: What ion initiates myocardial contraction?
A127: Calcium.
128
Which cells establish normal heart rate by reaching threshold first?
Pacemaker cells.
129
Which fibers distribute impulse to ventricles?
Purkinje fibers.
130
P wave on ECG represents what?
Atrial depolarization.
131
What is amount of blood ejected by ventricle per beat?
Stroke volume.
132
Q132: Capillaries allow passage of what?
: Water, ions, glucose.
133
Which layer of vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
Tunica media.
134
Lipid deposits in tunica media are called what?
Atherosclerosis.
135
Which sphincters control flow into capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters.
136
Shunts between arterioles and venules are called what?
Arteriovenous anastomoses.
137
Resistance due to thickness of blood is what?
Viscosity.
138
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is what?
Pulse pressure.
139
What factors affect tissue perfusion?
All of the above: BP, cardiac output, peripheral resistance.
140
Which part of brain has cardiac/vasomotor centers?
Medulla oblongata.
141
Which nerve releases ACh to slow HR?
Vagus nerve.
142
Posterior pituitary gland releases what?
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
143
Low oxygen at tissue level is also called what?
Hypoxia.
144
Specialized immune cells are what?
Lymphocytes.
145
Chronic lymph node enlargement is what?
Lymphadenopathy.
146
Q146: Which lymphocytes directly attack cells?
T cells.
147
Q147: Which lymphocytes become plasma cells to secrete antibodies?
B cells.
148
What organ is required for T cell maturation?
A148: Thymus.
149
Q150: What fetal opening in the atrial septum closes at birth?
A150: Foramen ovale.
150
What cranial nerve transmits impulses for swallowing and speech?
A149: Vagus nerve (CN X).
EMT 242 Study Guide
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