Ramirez EMT 242 Final Study Guide

Question 1

Macroscopic anatomy is:

Answer 1

can be seen with the naked eye

Question 2

The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the_________position.

Answer 2

Anatomical

Question 3

Human form shown lying down, face up:

Answer 3

Supine

Question 4

The frontal plane divides the body into the _______and_______portions.

Answer 4

Anterior, posterior

Question 5

Sagittal plane divides body into:

Answer 5

The Sagittarius plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly and dividing the body into left and right portions.

Question 6

Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 6

Diaphragm

Question 7

The opening that allows the esophagus to pass through the diaphragm:

Answer 7

Hiatus or Hiatal or esophageal hiatus

Question 8

Anatomical term meaning “away from an attached base:”

Answer 8

Distal

Towards is Proximal

Question 9

_______is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Answer 9

Physiology

Question 10

______are the smallest living units in the body

Answer 10

Cells

Question 11

Pericardial cavity surrounds this organ:

Answer 11

The Heart

The layers of the pericardium covering the heart is the Visceral pericardium.

Question 12

This includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments:

The axio skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.

Answer 12

appendicular skeleton.

The axio skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.
False

Question 13

Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

A subatomic particle with a negative charge:

Answer 14

(Electron-)

Neutron +
Proton+

Question 15

________ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.

Answer 15

Anions, cations, ions

Question 16

weak chemical bonds formed from an attraction between hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 16

hydrogen bonds

Question 17

Energy in Motion

Answer 17

kinetic

Question 18

______are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.

Answer 18

Nutrients

Question 19

compounds that lower the activation energy of a reaction and “speed up” a reaction

Answer 19

catalase or enzyme

Question 20

The second most abundant intracellular cation

Answer 20

magnesium

Potassium is most abundant intracellular in the cell

Question 21

What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB>A+B)

Answer 21

Decomposition reaction

Question 22

Organic compounds contain what two elements:

Answer 22

carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).

Question 23

synthesis of organic compounds from a simpler precursor

Answer 23

anabolism

Question 24

The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of new chemical bonds is called_______.

Answer 24

Anabolism

Question 25

Reaction that adds a water molecule across a organic bond

Answer 25

Hydrolysis

Question 26

What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?

Answer 26

Osmosis

Question 27

Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possible lyse, or burst?

Answer 27

Hypotonic Hypotonic → water in → cell swells. Hyperto

Question 28

_____ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 28

(Active) Passive-Do not use ATP (energy). Molecules move down their concentration gradient (from high → low concentration).

Question 29

the organelles responsible for the break down and recycling of proteins

Answer 29

proteosomes

Question 30

_____is an example of a connective tissue.

Answer 30

Blood, bone, fat

Question 31

Mast cells release what two chemicals:

Answer 31

histamine and heparin

Question 32

Which chemicals initiate the inflammatory process?

Answer 32

Histamine and heparin

Question 33

The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:

Answer 33

Sebaceous = “sebum” = skin oil glands. found everywhere except palms

Question 34

Area of the Skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single posterior spinal root

Answer 34

Dermatomes

Question 35

The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?

Answer 35

To cool the surface of the skin

Question 36

An ________ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.

Answer 36

avulsion

Question 37

Shaft of the bone

Answer 37

Diaphysis

Question 38

Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?

Answer 38

Vitamin D3 keeps bones strong through sunlight

Question 39

Decreased levels of vitamin d3 can cause

Answer 39

Rickets

Question 40

This hormone inhibits osteoclasts lowering calcium level

Answer 40

Calcitonin

Question 41

complete displacement of a bone end from its positions within a joint capsule

Answer 41

dislocation A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what? Subluxation

Question 42

What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?

Answer 42

Fontanels

Question 43

Cranial nerve 2

Answer 43

Optic

Question 44

The ________ is the projection on the axis (C2) that forms a pivot joint with the atlas (C1) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side.

Answer 44

dens, odontoid process pivot that lets your head rotate on your neck.

Question 45

The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?

Answer 45

Manubrium

Question 46

Notch between sternal body and the manubrium

Answer 46

angle of louis

Question 47

The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?

Answer 47

Acetabulum

Question 48

The _________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.

Answer 48

Sympathetic

Question 49

________ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.

Answer 49

Calcium

Question 50

Motor commands are carried to muscles/glands via this division?

Answer 50

Efferent

Question 51

spaces between myelin sheath of a neuron

Answer 51

nodes of Ranvier

Question 52

Shift of the membrane potential towards -70mV sodium leaves the cell

Answer 52

Repolarization

Question 53

synapses that release ACh

Answer 53

postganglionic neuron

Question 54

Region of the brain that control fine motor skills

Answer 54

cerebellum

Question 55

The hypothalamus is connected to what glans, which is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 55

Pituitary

Question 56

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the:

Answer 56

Infundibulum

Question 57

Stimulation of beta 2 receptors cause

Answer 57

bronchodilation + vasodilation + metabolic boost. The stimulation of beta 1 receptors causes which of the following? An increase in cardiac contractility, heart rate, cardiac conduction

Question 58

The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and __________ receptors.

Answer 58

Muscarinic Sympathetic = nicotinic + adrenergic (alpha & beta)

Question 59

Hormone that is considered a uterine stimulant

Answer 59

oxytocin

Question 60

The endocrine cells of which organ produce & secrete glucagon and insulin? Insulin and Glucagon?

Answer 60

Pancreas Islet of langerhans

Question 61

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by which gland?

Answer 61

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 62

Which hormone secreted by the kidneys stimulates the production of red blood cells?

Answer 62

Erythropoietin EPO = “Extra blood cells for Oxygen” → kidney hormone that boosts RBC production when oxygen is low.

Question 63

What are special proteins that attack invading organisms called?

Answer 63

Antibodies Antibodies = “Y-shaped defenders” → bind to antigens and help destroy them.

Question 64

Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?

Answer 64

Globulins Globulins = “guards & carriers” → antibodies (immune defense) + transporters + clotting helpers.

Question 65

The ________ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.

Answer 65

Hematocrit Low hematocrit → may mean anemia (not enough oxygen delivery). High hematocrit → may mean dehydration or thick blood (risk of clots).

Question 66

Low White blood cell count is called

Answer 66

leukopenia

Question 67

Inner lining of the Heart

Answer 67

Endocardium

Question 68

The layers of the pericardium covering the heart is the _______pericardium.

Answer 68

Visceral

Question 69

The pericardium lies within the:

Answer 69

Mediastinum middle space” of the chest that holds the heart, major vessels, and key passageways between the neck and abdomen

Question 70

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the:

Answer 70

Mitral Valve,Left atrioventricular valve, bicuspid valve

Question 71

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the:

Answer 71

Tricuspid valve

Question 72

Left coronary artery divides into

Answer 72

Circumflex, Anterior descending

Question 73

Hardening of vessel wall

Answer 73

Arteriosclerosis

Question 74

Collateral circulation created by bypassing vessels providing a pathway for blood

Answer 74

Anastomosis

Question 75

receptors sensitive to stretching, compressing or twisting

Answer 75

mechanoreceptors

Question 76

Fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye

Answer 76

Vitreous Humor

Question 77

The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called?

Answer 77

Aqueous humor

Question 78

Which of the following photoreceptors provides color vision?

Answer 78

Cones

Question 79

blockage of the causes glaucoma

Answer 79

the canal of schlemm

Question 80

Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?

Answer 80

B cells antibodies maker

Question 81

_______ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.

Answer 81

A immunological surveillance “Natural killers K cells = fast killers of sick cells.”

Question 82

The _______ acts as the body’s “thermostat.”

Answer 82

Hypothalamus Heat Control Center

Question 83

Which proteins reset the hypothalamus and cause a rise in body temperature?

Answer 83

Pyrogens fever makers.

Question 84

Which of the following is the presence of air in the pleural sac and breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae?

Answer 84

Pneumothroax “Pneumothorax = air in chest, lung collapse.”

Question 85

What is the physical movement of air into the and out of the lungs called?

Answer 85

Ventilation “Ventilation = air moving in and out.”

Question 86

Delivery of blood to capillary beds/ tissues

Answer 86

Diffusion

Question 87

Three types of COPD

Answer 87

asthma emphysema Chronic Bronchitis

Question 88

Sphincter between the esophagus and stomach

Answer 88

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Question 89

Cranial nerve 10

Answer 89

Vagus

Question 90

Last part of the small intestine responsible for food bolus prep

Answer 90

Ilium

Question 91

Cranial nerve 2

Answer 91

Optic

Question 92

Sharp specific abdominal pain known as

Answer 92

localized pain

Question 93

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?

Answer 93

Referred pain

Question 94

the descending loop of henle is responsible for..reabsorbs water, not salts.

Answer 94

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports: Sodium and all ions

Question 95

Kidney stones consisting of ________ are common?

Answer 95

Calcium salts

Question 96

_______ occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2.

Answer 96

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 97

when the amount of acid generated exceeds the bodys buffering system

Answer 97

acidosis

Question 98

Severe acidosis can cause what effect on the body?

Answer 98

CNS deterioration, Peripheral vasodilation ,Weak cardiac contractions

Question 99

95% of cellular energy is a result of this system

Answer 99

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Question 100

Break down of Glycogen into Glucose

Answer 100

Glycogenesis

Question 101

This enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid in the mitochondria ands starts the TCA

Answer 101

Co enzyme A

Question 102

Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus

Answer 102

Endometriosis

Question 103

Term associated with the first menstural cycle

Answer 103

Menarche

Question 104

Which of the following is a chemical that causes malformation of a fetus?

Answer 104

Teratogen

Question 105

the three stages of labor:

Answer 105

Dilation (cervix opens). Expulsion (baby out). Placental (placenta out). The _______ stage of labor begins with the onset of labor, as the cervix dilates and the fetus begins to slide down the cervical canal. Dilation

Question 106

A woman who has been pregnant more than once

Answer 106

Multigravida