BIO233 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(131 cards)

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1
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Contractility: shortening (Actin/Myosin)
Excitability: nerve signal excite muscle
Extensibility: contraction of skeletal muscle
Elasticity: recoil after stretch

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2
Q

Primary functions of muscle tissues

A

Communication: speaking
Movement
Posture: continuos contraction
Support: protect organs
Temp Reg

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue description

A

Cells striated
Innervated by voluntary division of nervous Sys

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue description

A

Only in walls of heart
Cells striated
Involuntary contraction

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5
Q

Smooth muscle description

A

Walls of hallow organs
NO Striation
Innervated by involuntary division of nervous sys

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6
Q

Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle

A

Muscle belly: bone, tendon + wrap endomysium
Fasciculus: endomysium + wrap perimysium
Muscle fiber: sarcolemma
Myofibrils made of Myofilament: actin/myosin
Contractile unit = sarcomere

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7
Q

Motor units (description + function)

A

Motor neuron and muscle fiber
1) motor unit from the brain sends impulse
2) impulse travels through spinal cord to motor neuron
3) muscle contraction stimulated

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8
Q

Factors affecting Muscle tone

A

1) Structure of muscle (connective tissue and size of elastin)
2) Active muscle tone (number of motor units stimulated)

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9
Q

Sliding filament model steps

A

1) Ca2+ binds to Troponin on Actin active site
2) Myosin binds to Actin to form cross bridge
3) Powerstroke: P is released, myosin head moves into low-energy conformation and Actin slides towards the M line

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10
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle group directly involved in movement
Biceps during biceps contraction

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposing muscle groupe, slows donw limbs during fast movement
Tricep during Bicep contraction

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12
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that stabilize the body during movement
NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENT

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13
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

Constant muscle tension
Concentric: contractile force > external load = muscle short
Eccentric: contractile force < external load = muscle length

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14
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Active muscle contraction wihtout changing length

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15
Q

3 connective tissue sheats of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium: surrond body
Perimysium: surronf fascile (group of muscle fibers)
Endomysium: fine sheat wrapping each muscle cell

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16
Q

Types of muscle fiber

A

Type I: slow-twitch, resistant to fatigue, high capacity for awrobic energy suppluy
Type II: fast-twitch, fatigue easily, produce force rapidly
Type IIb: fastest twitch time, most easily fatigued

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17
Q

Sensory input

A

Stiumli from senses

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18
Q

Motor output

A

After sensory input -> integration by brain -> response

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19
Q

3 functions of nervous system

A

1) sensory reception = Sensory input
2) Brain interprets = integration
3) Dictate response with effector organs = Motor output

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20
Q

Afferent def

A

sensory
input from receptors
PNS -> CNS

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21
Q

Efferent def

A

Motor
Outward signal from CNS -> PNS
Muscle contraction

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22
Q

Somatic def

A

Conscious awareness/ control
Skin, muscle, bone, jointss

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23
Q

Visceral def

A

No control: homeostasis
Smooth/ cardiac muscle
gland
organs

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24
Q

CNS composition + role

A

Brain + Spinal cord
Integration + command center

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25
PNS
Extenting nerves from brain and spinal cord Peripheral nerves link the whole body to CNS
26
Ganglia
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies
27
Sensory nervous syst
Carries input from PNS -> CNS Afferent
28
Motor nervous syst
Carries output from CNS -> PNS
29
Key features of neurons
Cell body (Soma) Dendrites Axon
30
Role of neurons
conduct eletrical impulses along plasma membrane Nerve impulse = action potential
31
Special characteristics of neurons
Longevity: lifetime Do not divide: no mitosis High metabolic rate: need a lot of O2 and glucose, if not DEAD
32
Neuroglia of CNS
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia
33
Oligodendrocytes
create myelin sheath surronding neurons
34
Astrocytes
neurotransmitter secretion/absorption 3D structure of brain
35
Ependymal cells
secrete Cerebral Spinal Fluid CSF
36
Microglia
immune system of brain remove damage neurons recognize infections prevent inflammation
37
Glial cells of PNS
Schwann cells Satellite cells
38
Schwann cells
Myelinate axons of PNS
39
Satellite cells
Support neuron cell bodies Regulate exchange of nutrient & waste
40
Myelin def
FAT insulating cover around axons = faster nerve impulse travel
41
White matter
group of myelinated axons
42
Grey matter
Mainly neuronal cell bodies and some unmyelinated axons
43
Electrical synapses
Less common Between neurons and cardiac/smooth muscle
44
Chemical synapses
Most common Use neurotransmitter to interact with other cells
45
Where is located Para/Sympathetic divisons
PNS -> Motor neurons -> Autonomic Nervous system
46
Sympathetic divison
Fight or flight Hypothalamus Increase heart rate/ contraction/ BP Vasoconstriction Mobilization of energy sources
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Parasympathetic divison
Rest and digest Increase mouth saliva swallowing reflex secretion for digestion
48
4 key lobes of the brain
1) Frontal 2) Temporal 3) Parietal 4) Occipital
49
Parietal lobe function
Sensory areas
50
Temporal lobe function
Audition, speech comprehension and olfactory areas
51
Frontal lobe function
Motor area and speech center
52
Occipital lobe function
Visual association areas
53
4 regions of the brain
1) Cerebrum 2) Diencephalon 3) Brain stem 4) Cerebellum
54
Cerebrum function
Memory and learning process
55
Diencephalon functions
Thalalum: sensory impulses Hypothalamus: homeostasis, para/sympathetic divisions
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Brain stem functions
Passageway for all fiber tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord Innervation of face and head Produce Automatic behaviours for survival Integrate Auditory/visual reflexes
57
Brain stem sections
medula-oblongata pons midbrain
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Cerebellum function
Coordinate body movement (compare/ adjust movement to intent) Learning new motor skills
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Layers of meninges around the brain
Outside in: Periosteum Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
60
CSF functions
Fills hollow cavities of CNS Liquid cushion Nourish CNS Remove waste
61
Where is CSF formed
Choroid plexuses
62
From what does CSF arises from?
Blood
63
Blood-Brain Barrier function
Prevent most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain Impermeable capillaries NOT ABSOLUTE: fat-soluble Problem for certain medication
64
What side of the heart does the systemic circulation
Left side
65
What side of the heart does the pulmonary circulation
Right side
66
Features of the pericardium
1) Fibrous pericardium: outer 2) Serous pericardium: double layered, fluid filled - Parietal layer: outermost contact with fibrous pericardium - Visceral layer: surronds and continous surface of heart
67
Layers of heart
Epicardium Myocardium (cardiomyocytes) ENdocardium
68
Separation between 2 sides of heart
Cardiac septum
69
What are cusps?
Flaps anchored to cardiac skeleton
70
What is the AV valve
Between atria and ventricle Atrioventricular valve
71
What is Semilunar valve
Between ventricles and major blood vessels
72
Chordae tendinae
Anchor cusps to papillary muscles = prevent eversion
73
Name of AV valve between Right atrium and Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
74
Name of AV valve between left ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
75
3 steps of cardiac cycle
Contraction of both atria (Atrial systole) Contraction of both ventricles (Ventricle systole) Entire heart realxes (Complete diastole)
76
SA node
Pacemaker cells located Generate action potential
77
AV node
Contains slower pacemaker cells Allow time for atrial refraction = fill ventricle before pump
78
Composition of blood
Formed elements - Buffy coat: leucocytes + platelets - Red: Erythrocytes Plasma
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What's in the plasma
Water 90% Waste Ions Protein Nutrients (sugar, AA, lipids)
80
Plasma proteins
Albumins Globulins Clotting factors Water soluble hormones
81
Characteristics of Herythroctes
Bi-concave shape No nuclei Oxygen carrying Hemoglobin
82
Why bi-concave shape of erythrocytes?
easily stackable = prevents blockage Increase surface area
83
Hemoblogin use
4 chains of AA with each a Fe atom O2 binds to Fe
84
Different Leucocytes
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophilis Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
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Granulocytes
WBC Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
86
Agranulocytes
WBC Lymphocytes Monocytes
87
Platelets break off from ?
Megakaryocytes
88
Neutrophils function
destroby bacteria by phagocytosis
89
Eosinophils function
Turn off allergic response and kill parasites
90
Basophils
Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation
91
Lymphocytes function
Mount immune response by cell attack or antibodies
92
Monocytes function
Phagocytosis: develop into macrophages
93
2 types of arteries
Elastic: large lumen = large volume = principles arteries Muscular: large tunica media = vasoconstrict = smaller
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Veins characteristics
Lower pressure Ensure return - Large lumens = less resistance - Venous valve = ensure unidirectional flow
95
Venous Blood pressure
Muscular pump: use skeletal muscle contraction Respiratory pump: changes in pressure from thoracic cavity
96
Functions of the respiratory system
suppply the body in O2 Dispose of CO2
97
Function of the Larynx
Voice production Provides an open air way Routes air and food into proper channel
98
Functions of the trachea
From Larynx to bronchi Hyaline cartilage
99
Carnia
Trachea` Hyaline cartilage that senses solid or liquid = violent coughing to expel it
100
Bronchi features
supported by cartilage: mucous cells
101
Bronchioles features
no cartilage nut smooth muscle = expend + autonomous contraction
102
Alveoli feature
A lot of them = a lot of surface area for gas exchange
103
Alimentary canal elements
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus Stomach, small/large intestine
104
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth & tongue Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
105
Four layers of GI tract
Outside -> In Serosa Muscularis externa Submucosa Mucosa
106
2 movement of digestive tract
Peristalsis: Coordinated contraction = move the bolus forward Segmentation: Simultaneous contraction = mix the bolus
107
Digestive processes
Ingestion Propulsion (peristalsis) Mechanical breakdown (segmentation) Digestion (mouth, stomach, small intestine) Absorption Defecation
108
Esophagus function
Stretch receptors Peristalsis makes bolus reach the stomach
109
Stomach function
Short-term storage Mix and grind content with HCl and pepsin Chemical digestion (PROTEIN) Move chyme to small intestine
110
Small intestine functions
Mix liver and pancreatic secretions with chyme Move chyme to large intestine Absorb nutrients (Jejunum) Continue digesting nutrients Produce regulatory hormones Produce immune cells
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Large intestine function
Secretion of protective mucous Absorb water and electrolytes Site of bacterial colonization Site of immunce cell production You think you the shit = SASS
112
Liver function
create bile (fat digestion)
113
Gall bladder function
store bile (fat digestion)
114
Pancreas function
Digestion/Exocrine Produce HCO3- Produce enzymes that aid chemical digestion in small intestine Endocrine Glucagon/Insulin: blood sugar
115
Organs of renal system
Kidneys Bladder Ureters Urethra
116
Difference Male vs Female in renal system + effect
Size of Urethra = more change of infections
117
Origin vs attachment
Origin = proximal Attachment = distal
118
Internodal Pathways
conducts action potential from SA node to atria
119
Bundle of His
Conducts action potential from AV node through septum
120
Right/Left bundle branches
propagate action potential from septum to apex
121
Purkinje fibers
spread action potential from apex to ventricles
122
Myofibrils
Sacromeres functional units of skeletal tissue contractile organ
123
Structure of sarcomere
Z disc: boundaries between them Actin: extends from Z to center of sarcomere Myosin: center of sarcomere
124
Broca area
frontal lobe writing and speaking
125
Motor strip
frontal lobe movements
126
Sensory strip
parietal lobe
127
Wernicke area
temporal/parietal lobe Understand language
128
Disorders of the brain
Seizures/epilepsies Inflammation Hydrocephalus (CSF accumulation)
129
Types of hematomas of brain
Epidural (in the dura mater) Subdural (under dura mater) Intracerebral (middle of brain)
130
4 processes involved in respiration
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration
131
Mechanism of inhalation
Decrease gas pressure Diaphragm flattens Contraction of intercostal muscle
BIO233
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