BIO233 > Mid term > Flashcards

Mid term Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

too small to see with naked eye
cells, tissues

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2
Q

Macroscopic anatomy

A

visible to the naked eye
organs, blood vessels, nerves, bones

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3
Q

5 different approaches to anatomy

A

1) systemic (cardiovascular)
2) surface (lanmarks visible through skin)
3) regional (thorax, abdomen, lower limb)
4) developmental (embryology)
5) radiological (imaging)

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4
Q

Basic principles of anatomy

A

Form dictates function
Each anatomy in different
Anatomic terms are built from latin

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5
Q

transverse section

A

divide lower/upper

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6
Q

sagittal section

A

devide left/right UNEQUAL

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7
Q

Coronal section

A

divide anterior/posterior

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8
Q

Midsaggital section

A

divide left/right EQUAL

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9
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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10
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Tightly packed (absorb/secrete)
organized assembly (apical/basolateral)
exhibit polarity (selective movement)
highly regenerative (after damage)

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11
Q

flat epithelial cells

A

squamous

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12
Q

box like epithelial cells

A

cuboidal

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13
Q

tall, rectangle shaped epithelial cells

A

columnar

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14
Q

single layer of cells that appears as more due to nuclei placement

A

pseudostratified

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15
Q

Transitional epithelial (looks + role)

A

Cuboid at the bottom and more rounded as you go up
stretch permitted = urine storage

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16
Q

Simple squamous epithelia role

A

surface for filtration and diffusion
Air sacs of lungs

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17
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia (role)

A

secretion and absorption
glands

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18
Q

Simple columnar epithelia (role)

A

absorption (digestive track)
secretion (mucous)

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19
Q

Pseudostratified columnar (role)

A

secretion and propulsion
male sperm duct

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20
Q

stratified squamous (role)

A

protection against abrasion
SKIN!

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21
Q

stratified cuboidal/columnar (role)

A

secretion
male sperm duct

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22
Q

Endocrine glands role

A

secrete hormones INTO capillaries

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23
Q

Exocrine glands role + types (3)

A

secrete into duct

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24
Q

Role of connective tissue

A

Protection
Structural support
Energy storage (adipose tissue)
Transporting substances (blood)

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25
Cells that make up connective tissue
Osteoblasts (bone) Fibroblasts (proper) Adipocytes (fat) Blood cells (immunity) Chondroblasts (cartilage)
26
Fibers that make up connective tissue
Collagen (most abundant, resist tension) Elastin (flexibility) Reticulin (mesh-like network)
27
Main groups of connective tissue
Dense Loose Cartilage Blood Bones
28
Types of muscle tissue
skeletal cardiac smooth
29
Skeletal muscle description
elongated myotubes formed from fused cells = multrinucleated voluntary skeletal movement attached to bones
30
Cardiac muscle description
elongated myotubes specialized cell joints individual nuclei heart wall only
31
Smooth muscle description
central nucleus form sheet provide force walls of organs
32
Nervous tissue
Neurons: sensory Glial cells: support neurons Brain, spinal cord
33
key difference between epit. and connec. tissue
Epithelial: tightly packed, fast regeneration, avascular Connective: loosely packed, slow regeneration, vascular
34
Functions of integumentary system
Protection Body T Excretion D Vit Sensory reception
35
Outer most layer of the skin
Epidermis
36
Epidermis description
Stratified squamous epithelium Avascular Keratinocyes
37
Epidermis function
Protection: microorganisms = dry surface Skin colour: melanocytes/ keranocytes Sensory: tactile discs Vitamin D production: calcium absorp.
38
Keratinocytes description
main cell of epidermis (closer to outside) water proofing keratinized tissue = dry
39
Melanocytes description
last layer of cell of epidermis produce pigment protects from UV
40
Layers of epidermis
1) Stratum corneum (15-30 layers) 2) Stratum lucidum (dead keranocytes) 3) Stratum granulosum (3-5 layers, prod of kerano) 4) Stratum spinosum (8-10 layers) 5) Stratum basale (1 layer, new cube cells + melanocytes)
41
What are tactile discs made of
Merkel cells Stratum basale
42
Dermis description
outside Areolar (loose) + inside Irregular (dense) connective tissue vasuclar accessory structures
43
Layers of the dermis
1) Papillary layer: support epidermis and body T 2) Reticular layer: toughest layer of skin, blood vessels, nerves
44
Functions of Dermis
Support epidermis: O2, fluid balance Senses: corpuscles Regulates blood flow to skin
45
Subcutaneous description
Loose connective tissue (Adipose +) vascular + nerves
46
Subcutaneous function
Connect skin to underlying muscle Insulation T regulation Sensory perception
47
Hypodermis
Deepest part of integumentary syst.
48
Depth of damage for burns
Superficial = epidermis Superficial partial thickness = superficial dermis Deep partial thickness = deep dermis Full thickness = underlying tissues
49
Burns rule of 9
Head = 9 Each arm = 9 Whole torse = 36 Pubis = 1 Each leg = 18
50
How many bones in the body
206 Axial = 80 Appendicular = 126
51
Bone functions
Support Protection Energy metabolism Movement Mineral storage Blood cell formation
52
5 shapes of bones
Long: femur Short: cube shaped, wrist Flat: skull Sesamoid: within tendons (patella) Irregular: vertebrea
53
Layers of bones
1) Periosteum 2) Perforating fiber (glue) 3) compact bone 4) spongy bone 3), 2), 1) ROUND SHAPE
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Epiphysis
extremities of bones
55
Endosteum
remnants of growth plates
56
Diaphysis
middle part of bone
57
Structure of short, irregular and flat bones
Bone marrow NO marrow cavity Diploe = internal spongy bone (flat bone)
58
Bone surface: depression
hole/ cavity anchors, passageways
59
Bone surface: openings
Lighten the structure = face bone Passageway for blood, nerves, muscle
60
Bone surface features: projections
Bony extensions work with depression = attachement
61
2 types of bones
Osseous tissue Marrow
62
Osteoclast/blast
Clast = casse os to get minerals Blast = build bone to grow
63
Composition of Osseous tissue
65% inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite) 35% organic matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, ...)
64
Compact bone contains many small tighlty packed units called?
Osteons
65
Composition of osteons
Central canal: nerve/blood vessel Perforating canals: connect osteon Canaliculi: connect lacunae contains osteocytes + secretion
66
Trabeculae
loosely gathered meshwork of bone tissue NO osteons
67
Bone formation factors
Physical activity Gravity Hormonal activty (clast/blast) Age
68
2 types of ossification
Intramembranous (flat bones of skull) Endochondral (long/short bones)
69
Intramembranous ossification
start within the membrane OSSI CENTER APPEARS vascularization of bone plates spongy/compact bone appear
70
Endochondral ossification
1) Fetal hyaline (cartilage) 2) Calcification + diaphysis creation 3) Primary ossification center diaphysis 4) Secondary ossification center inside epiphyses 5) bone replaces cartilage + diaphysis grows into length epiphyseal plates 6) epihyseal plates close-growth finished
71
Interstitial growth
occurs at epiphyseal plates = more length
72
Appositional growth
Increase in diameter
73
4 sutures of the skull
Coronal: Frontal/Parientals Sagittal: Left/Right Parietals Lamboid: Parietals/Occipital Squamous: Temporal/Parietal
74
bone of the larynx
hynoid bone
75
3 bones for hearing
Malleus Incus Stapes
76
How many vertebrae
7 Cervical (Atlas, Axis) 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5/4 sacrum + coccyx
77
Sternum bones
Manubrium body Xiphoid process
78
How many ribs
1-7 true ribs (intercostal cartilage) 8-12 false ribs (costal cartilage) 11-12 floating (no sternum)
79
Cranial bones
Singular: frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid Paired: temporal, parietal
80
Facial bones
Singular: Mandible, vomer Paired: maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae
81
3 classification of joints
synarthroses amphiarthroses diarthroses
82
description of synarthroses joint
immovable
83
description of amphiarthroses joint
slightly movable
84
description of diarthroses joint
freely movable - appendicular skel ALL SYNOVIAL JOINT
85
fibrous structure + ex
fibrous connective tissue bones connected slightly movable sutures
86
Cartilaginous structure + type
Bone united by cartilage NO joint cavity Synchondroses & Symphyses
87
General structure of synovial joint
Articular cartilage (hyaline) for compression Joint cavity for synovial fluid
88
Movement allowed by synovial
gliding, angular, movement and rotation
89
Key features of pelvis
Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum Obturatory foramen
90
General disorders for bones
Osteoporosis: bone reabsorption > deposition + menopause Osteomalacia: Inadequate mineralization Osteosarcoma: Cancer
BIO233
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