1
Q
what are colloids
A
are large proteins that stay in blood stream (vascular space) to increase blood volume
2
Q
give examples of colloids
A
- PRBC
- plasma
- whole blood
- frozen RBC
3
Q
what are some transfusion reactions
A
- acute hemolytic
- febrile
- anaphylactic
- circulatory overload
4
Q
what is acute hemolytic transfusion reaction and list 3 s/s
A
- life threatening situation
- blood types aren’t compatible immune system fights the RBC
s/s
- chills
- chest pain/ tightness
- tachycardia
- hypotension
5
Q
what is febrile transfusion reaction and list 3 s/s
A
- most common reaction, pt bodies attacks the WBC thinking there foreign
s/s
- spike in temperature
- headache
- warm and flushed skin
6
Q
what is anaphylactic transfusion reaction and list 3 s/s
A
- hypersensitivity/ abnormal reaction to the blood (transfusion)
s/s
- pruritus (itchiness)
- urticaria (hives)
- difficulty breathing
- swollen lips and throat
7
Q
what is circulatory overload transfusion reaction and list 3 s/s
A
- too much blood and fluids are given at a fast rate
s/s
- jugular vein distention
- crackles
- edema
- bounding pulse
8
Q
what are the VS monitoring for blood transfusions
A
- RN ax for 15 mins
- LPN ax 30 mins and Q1H until complete
9
Q
what is a hypotonic fluid and give examples
A
hypo= hippo
So concentration is higher within the cell
Examples:
0.45% NS
0.33% NS
D5W when infusing
10
Q
what is hypertonic fluid
A
hyper = skinny
Cell shrinks so fluid is higher outside the cell
Example:
3% NS
5% NS
D10W
11
Q
what is isotonic fluid
A
ISO = equal
Concentration is equal both inside and outside the cell
Example:
0.9%NS
Lactate ringers
D5W within the bag
12
Q
what is crystalloids and give examples
A
small molecules that move quickly through the bloodstream to maintain hydration
examples:
NS
lactate ringers
13
Q
what is interstitial (infiltration) IV
A
fluid leaks into surrounding tissue due to wrong placement of catheter
14
Q
list the s/s and NI for interstitial IV
A
s/s
- edema
- cool to touch
- pain
- blanching (lighter skin around IV site)
NI
- stop the transfusion
- elevate limb and apply cold compress
- relocate IV
- notify physician
15
Q
what is phlebitis
A
inflammation or infection of the vein
16
Q
list the s/s and NI for phlebitis
A
S/S
- warmth
- redness
- swelling and tenderness around the vein
NI
- stop infusion
- relocate monitor old site
- apply warm compresses
- notify physician
17
Q
what is fluid volume overload
A
too much fluid being given
18
Q
what are the s/s and NI for fluid volume overload
A
s/s
- bounding pulse
- tachycardia
- edema
- crackles
NI
- stop IV and relocate
- put pt in fowlers position to promote lung expansion
- administer diuretics
- monitor VS and neuro changes
- notify physician
19
Q
what are some other less common complications for IV’s
A
- bleeding
trauma due to trying multiple times each nurse can try inserting IV twice then move on - needle stick injury
- extravasation
leakage of vesicant fluid into surrounding tissue like cancer medication or digoxin - nerve, tendon or ligament damage
inserting IV into sensitive areas causing damage
20
Q
what are the lab values for chloride
A
98-106
21
Q
what are the lab values for potassium
A
3.5-5.0
important for cardiac functioning
22
Q
what are the lab values for sodium
A
136-145
important for fluid balance
23
Q
what are the lab values for calcium
A
2.10-2.50
24
Q
what are the lab values for magnesium
A
0.65-1.05
25
when should a tubing set be changed
Q96hrs
26
when does a IV bag need to be changed
Q24hrs usually done before depending on doctors orders
27
when does IV site need to be changed
Q3-5 days
28
when does a IV dressing need to be changed
Q3-4 days
29
when should you flush an IV
- before/after connecting
- when disconnecting
30
what is a code blue what would you do
- cardiac arrest
- pt unconscious and unresponsive
- start CPR
31
what is a code white and list what you would do
- aggressive/violent patient
- verbally de-escalate
- always face pt never turn your back
32
what is a code red and what would you do
fire or smoke
R - rescue ppl in immediate danger
A - activate the fire alarm
C - contain fire by closing all windows and doors
E - extinguish the fire only if safe to do so
33
what is a code yellow and what do you do in that situation
missing person or code amber for a child
- pre-code search all the rooms and notify charge nurse
- give security a description of person
- notify switch board and search surrounding area
34
what is a code brown and what do you do
hazardous spill
- safety of yourself and others go away from area
- call for assistance
- when assistance comes give them a MSDS and relevant info on the hazardous item
35
what is a code black what do you do in this situation
bomb threat
- don't touch or move anything
- look for unusual objects
- don't leave unless told o leave
36
what is a code green and what's the priority during code green
evacuation (in event of fire, earthquake, flood ect.)
priority
- ppl who are most at risk
- ppl who are easily moved
- ppl who are more difficult to move
37
what is a code orange and what do you do
mass casualty and disaster (accidents with planes, trains or cars, fires, earthquakes)
- go into work immediately and follow instructions once there
38
what is a code pink
neonatal emergency (code blue for babies)
39
what is a code OB
birth emergency
40
what is a primary survey
- look for emergent life-threatening injuries
- ABC
- CPR
- uncontrolled bleeding
- ax for injuries from head to toe
- medical alert bracelet
41
chocking interventions for a pregnant or obese person
- DO NOT do abdominal thrusts
- do firm thrusts on the upper chest
42
what is mild airway obstruction
person is coughing and making noises means they have good gas exchange, encourage patient to cough it out and breath
43
what is severe airway obstruction
person is making high pitched noise is cyanotic, blue and pale meaning they have poor gas exchange, perform heimlich maneuver
44
what are the s/s of chocking total obstruction
- poor gas exchange
- high pitched noise
- cyanosis
- clutching the neck (universal sign of chocking)
45
what are the 4 different types of shock "HOVC"
hypovolemic
obstructive
vasogenic/disruptive
cardiogenic
46
what is hypovolemic shock
- most common type of shock
- low blood volume meaning not enough blood to pump to the organs
occurs from
- hemorrhaging
- severe diarrhea/vomiting
- fluid shifting (fluid moves from blood vessels to organs)
47
what are the s/s for hypovolemic shock
- cold, clammy skin
- anxiety
- low urine output
- hypotension
48
what is hemorrhaging
- losing large amounts of blood in short amount of time
- can lead to hypovolemic shock
- bleeding can be internal and external
- hemorrhaging is biggest post-op risk
49
what are the s/s for hemorrhaging and NI
s/s
- cold clammy, pale skin
- tachycardia / tachypnea
- hypotension
- decreased LOC
- vomiting out blood
- abdominal distention
NI
- apply direct pressure to site
- elevate the injured part
- if direct pressure fails apply indirect pressure to main artery to area
50
what is cardiogenic shock
- heart fails as a pump meaning it's too weak or damaged
- poor tissue perfusion due to not enough blood being pumped out
occurs from
- coronary arteries damaged (not allowing blood to pass through)
- myocardial infraction
- dysrhythmias
- heart defects or damages
51
what are the s/s for cardiogenic shock
- tachycardia/tachypnea
- SOB
- cold extremities
52
what is obstructive shock
- physical obstructions in blood flow going to and out of the heart such as clot
occurs from
- clots (pulmonary embolism)
- cardiac tamponade
- compression of vena cava
53
what are the s/s of obstructive shock
- hypotension
- chest pain
- respiratory distress
54
what is vasogenic/distributive shock
- blood vessels become dilated (widen) causing blood to poorly distributed
- blood pools in dependent areas (lower body)
occurs from
- septic
- neurogenic
- anaphylactic
55
what is anaphylactic shock list the s/s
- severe allergic reaction causing airway constriction and dilated blood vessels
s/s
- itchiness
- tingling
- hives
- swollen tongue
56
what is septic shock and list the main s/s
occurs due to presence of pathogens that release toxic substances that cause blood vessels to dilate
s/s
- tachycardia
- low BP
57
what is neurogenic shock and list the s/s
occurs from injury to upper spinal cord or disruption of the vasomotor center causes vasodilation or loss of vascular resistance(drop in BP)
s/s
- hypotension
- blood pooling in extremities
- warm skin
- bradycardia
58
what is cardiac tamponade
fluid builds up around the heart in the pericardial sac so heart can't expand and pump properly
s/s (becks's triad)
- muffled heart sounds
- JVD
- hypotension
59
what is tension pneumothorax and list the s/s
air trapped in the pleural space that can't exit causing a mediastinal shift
s/s
- absent breath sounds on one side
- SOB
- chest pain
- tachypnea
60
what are the 3 stages of shock
1. preshock
2. shock
3. end organ dysfunction
61
what is pre-shock and list some s/s
- body tries compensating (fix) the low o2
s/s
- tachycardia
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels to keep blood pressure in normal range (BP may still seem normal even tho smt wrong)
- if intervene early then it possible to save before it gets worse
62
what is shock in the 3 stages of shock
- the body can't compensate for the lack of oxygen in the body and organ dysfunction becomes more apparent
- baroreceptors are stimulated to increase heart rate by the sympathetic system
63
what are the s/s you'll find in the second stage of shock (shock)
mental status: anxiety and restlessness
blood pressure: normal at the beginning stages when body compensates but then drops
pulse: tachycardia
respirations: increased respirations
urine output: low urine output
skin: cool and pale, BUT with septic shock it'll be warm and dry
nails: pale and cyanotic
blood sugars: will be increased
abdomen: decreased bowel sounds
64
what is the last stage of shock
end-organ dysfunction
- multiple organ failure with irreversible damages
- systems become chaotic and don't work well together
- all recourses and blood go to vital organs like the brain and heart
65
s/s you'll find in end organ dysfunction are "BUMP-TRS"
blood pressure: hypotension
urine output: renal failure and low output
mental status: loss of consciousness and confusion
pulse: dysrhythmias
temperature: increased
respirations: increased resp's with crackles
skin: cold, clammy, cyanotic
dry mouth and sluggish
66
what to do during a seizure
- patient safety (remove hazards and objects the patient can knock down)
- turn patient to their side to prevent aspiration of vomit
- time the seizure
- call for help if seizure longer than 5 mins
- re-assure pt, get vitals, report to physician
- start seizure precautions
67
what are steps for wound evisceration
- cover area with sterile gauze soaked in NS
- call for help
- lay pt down and apply pressure if patient is bleeding from site
- record vitals
- keep patient NPO for surgery
68
what to do when fall occurs
- don't move patient
- ask if they hit their head or what happen
- get VS, head to toe, neuro while pt on floor
- when pt is stable to move move them with a lift (pt is now full weight bearing)
69
s/s for increased intercranial pressure
- dilated pupils
- decreased LOC
- confusion
- pupils not responding to light
70
what are strains
injuries to muscles, bones or both (muscles to bones)
71
what is a sprain and list the treatment and assessment
injury to ligaments (bones to bones)
tx
RICE
- rest
- ice
- compression
- elevate
ax
- neuro
- pain
- other injuries
72
what is compartment syndrome
emergent situation caused by internal or external pressure on limb which leads to poor blood flow
73
with compartment syndrome 4-6 hours means
irreversible muscle and nerve damage
74
with compartment syndrome 24-48hrs means
paralysis and loss of a limb
75
what are s/s of compartment syndrome
- pain when touching or moving limb not relieved by analgesia
- cyanosis
- tingling / weak pulses on both sides
76
what is internal compartment syndrome
caused internally bc fluid is trapped in compartments and puts pressure on nerves and tissues
cause
- hemorrhaging
- crush injuries
- fractures
77
what is external compartment syndrome
caused by a cast or tight dressing leading to decreased blood flow
78
what is the goal of compartment syndrome for internal and external
to relieve pressure
internal
- make linear incision in fascia
external
- remove cast or dressing
79
what is a fasciotomy
incision made in the fascia
80
what is a fracture
a break or distribution in the continuity of a bone and the surrounding tissue
81
what is a closed or simple fracture
bone doesn't break through skin
82
what is a open and compound fracture
parts of the broken bone breath through the skin
83
what is a Retrograde Ejaculation
when semen enters the bladder instead of leaving from urethra bc of damage to internal sphincter
84
what are the 3 grade fractures
grade 1: least severe and minimal skin damage
grade 2: moderately severe with skin and muscle contusions (bruising)
grade 3: most severe with skin, nerve, muscle, and nerve damage (wound larger than 6-8cm)
85
what is a stress fracture
repeated or prolonged stress to a bone
86
what is pathologic fracture
occurs bc of a pathological condition like tumor growth on a bone
87
how soon does a bone heal after it is injured
as soon as it is injured it begins to heal
88
what are the 5 stages of fracture healing
- hematoma formation
- fibrocartilage formation
- callus formation
- ossification
- consolidation and remodeling
89
what is hematoma formation in fracture healing
- bleeding and edema occur immediately after a fracture
- occurs within 48-72 hours
- hematoma forms between two broken ends
90
what is fibrocartilage formation in fracture healing
- forms a bridge between the two broken parts of the bone
- tissues clot and granulation tissues replaces the clots
91
what is callus formation in fracture healing
- occurs within 1-4 weeks after injury
- serves as a temporary splint
- changes granulation tissue to callus
92
what is ossification in fracture healing
- occurs within 2 weeks to 6 months after the injury
- the two broken bones begin to knit together
93
what is consolidation/ remodeling in fracture healing
- bone goes to it's original shape
- immature cells replaced by mature cells
94
what is internal and external fixation
internal
- use of rods, pins, nails to align bone fragments to keep them in place for healing
- placed inside the body
external
- placed outside the body
- pins inserted into the bone to align the bone
95
what are assessments required for compartment syndrome
- CWMS
- report signs of compartment syndrome,, discoloration and numbness
96
what is the two-point gait patterns
- the crutch and opposite foot advance at same time
- used in partial weight bearing
97
what is the three point gait pattern
- both crutched and affected foot advance followed by the unaffected foot
- required strength and balance
- used for partial or no weight bearing on affected leg
98
what is the four point gait pattern
- right crutch, left foot, left crutch, right foot
- used if pt weight bearing and can be placed Infront of another
99
what is the swing to gait pattern
- both crutches are advanced and feet swing up to crutches
- form a tripod
100
what is a swing through gait pattern
- both crutches move forward
- legs swing past the crutches
- need strong arms and legs
101
canes
provide minimal support, balance and pressure relieve on weight bearing joints
- placed on the unaffected side with top of the cane matching patients greater trochanter (top of the hip)
102
what are the main three hip precautions
- don't bend 90 degrees
- don't cross your legs or ankles
- don't stand pigeon toed
103
post-op hip fracture care
- turn patient Q2H and place pillows between pt legs
- pain management
- early ambulation
- DVT or SCD to promote blood flow
104
what are the different types of anesthesia
general - loss of all sensation and consciousness
regional - loss of sensation of a area in the body
local - loss of sensation at the site
conscious sedation - used for procedures that don't need complete anesthesia so patient is able to breath on their own
105
what does disarticulation mean
amputation through the joint
106
After an amputations, what is the
time frame before a patient can
bear full weight on a permanent
prosthesis?
A. 2 weeks
B. 60 days
C. 90 Days
D. 6 months
C 3 months
107
emergency care for an amputated appendage
- wrap in clean NS soaked gauze and put in sealed bag
- place bag over ice, direct contact of appendage and ice can cause frostbite and cell death
- partially amputated limb should remain attached to patient and kept cool if possible
108
what is speed shock
- rapid administration of a medication
109
what is RED man syndrome list the s/s and TX
- most common reaction to vancomycin bc medication is being transfused faster than body can tolerate
s/s
- hypotension
- flushing and pruritis to upper body, neck, and face
- pain and muscle spasm to back and chest
tx
- slow the infusion
- treat with antihistamine if ordered
110
A client with a history of cardiac disease is due for a
morning dose of furosemide (Lasix). Which serum
potassium level, if noted in the client's laboratory report,
should be reported before administering the dose of
furosemide?
A. 3.2 mEq/L
B. 3.8 mEq/L
C. 4.2 mEq/L
D. 4.8 mEq/l
A
111
Nurses are legally required to document medications that
are administered to patients. What, specifically, are they
are mandated to document?
A. The rationale for administration
B. The medications before administration
C. The medications after administration
D. The prescriber’s rationale for prescription
C
112
If a nurse experiences a problem reading a prescriber’s
medication order, what would be the most appropriate action?
A. Call the prescriber to verify the order.
B. Call the pharmacist to verify the order.
C. Consult with other nursing staff to verify the order.
D. Withhold the medication until the prescriber makes
rounds.
A
113
A postoperative patient is receiving morphine sulphate via a patient-controlled analgesia system. The nurse assesses that the patient’s respirations are depressed. How would this result of the effects of the morphine sulphate be classified?
A. Allergic
B. Toxic
C. Therapeutic
D. Idiosyncratic
B <- bc they getting too much of the medication
114
what is nasal prongs/cannula
- low flow device
- 2-4L
- don't give more than 4L
- 28-35% O2
115
what is simple face mask
- low flow device
- used short term
- 5-8L
- delivers 35-50% O2
116
what is a venturi mask
- high flow device
- 4-12 L
- delivers 24-60% O2
117
what is a non-rebreather mask
- low flow device
- must be more than 10L
- delivers 85% O2
- for acute sick patients
118
what is respiratory acidosis and what causes it
lungs can't remove CO2 so it builds up causing blood to become acidic
caused by
- pneumonia
- COPD
- drug overdose
- asphyxia (absence of oxygen in the body)
- drowning
119
what are the s/s of respiratory acidosis
- hypoventilation
- drowsiness, fatigue
- headache
- hyperkalemia
- pH less than 7.35
- dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
120
what are the tx and NI for respiratory acidosis
TX:
- oxygen (nasal prongs, face mask)
- antibiotics
- bronchodilators
- ventilation
NI:
- sit in high fowlers and elevate HOB
- monitor for respiratory distress (restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia)
- arterial blood gas to assess how much co2 is in the blood
- DB+C
- encourage fluids
121
what is respiratory alkalosis and causes
low CO2 (Paco2) in blood causing high pH
caused by
- hyperventilation
- excessive breathing
- anxiety
122
what are the s/s for respiratory alkalosis
- seizures
- hyperventilation
- tingling and numbness of extremities
- hypokalemia
- pH more than 7.45
123
what are the tx and NI for respiratory alkalosis
TX:
- sedation if pt is anxious
- treat underlying cause of hyperventilation
NI:
- administer sedatives
- reassure patient to reduce anxiety
- slow down breathing
- maintain eye contact and tell them to follow your breathing
124
what is metabolic acidosis and what causes it
- acid base balance is off there's too much acid and too little base
- body retains too many hydrogen ions or loses too many bicarbonate ions
- pH becomes acidic
caused by
- hyperchloremia
- starvations
- dehydration
- DKA
- shock
- diarrhea
125
list the s/s for metabolic acidosis
- headache
- changes in LOC
- muscle weakness
- vomiting
- diarrhea
126
what are the tx and NI for metabolic acidosis
TX:
- treat underlying cause
- medical ventilation
NI:
- check vitals
- mental status
- neurological status
127
what is metabolic alkalosis and what causes it
- lose in hydrogen ions, increase in bicarbonate ions
- pH becomes basic (too much base and too little acid)
caused by:
- prolonged nasogastric suction
- vomiting
- diuretics
- electrolyte disturbances
128
what are the s\s of metabolic alkalosis
- headache
- irritability
- numbness of extremities
- shallow respirations
- confusion
- changes in LOC
129
what are the tx and NI for metabolic alkalosis
TX:
- treat underlying cause
NI:
- record in's and out's
- ax sensation in extremities
- ax pt weight for fluid gain or loss
- use isotonic saline to irrigate nasogastric tubes (water creates loss of electrolytes)
130
where do you draw a urine sample from
- from foley port
131
During a suspected air embolism, how should the patient be positioned?
left side, with head flat and feet up.
132
for a patient with a pneumothorax patient lays down on what side
unaffected side with affected side up
133
what is in a chest tube safety kit
- always by patients bed side
- 2 smooth edged forceps
- sterile water
- occlusive dressing
- 2 sterile 4x4 gauze
- pair of clean gloves
134
list the s/s of UTI
- urgency
- frequency
- dysuria
- cloudy and foul smell of urine
- confusion/delirium
135
what is bladder spams and tx
- sudden, intense urge to void, may be painful, cramping or burning sensation
- referred to the tip of the penis.
tx
- Give B&O supp or Detrol-antispasmodic
- Check the catheter is patent
- Try repositioning patient
136
During patient care, you remove the prosthetic from the patient who is Post-Op Day 6 (POD 6) after a Below Knee Amputation(BKA).
You find the amputated site warm, red, and swollen. what do you do?
- remove prosthetic as it could be not fit for the patient
- ax for vitals, pain, and site for ss of infection
- elevate limb
- report to physician
137
why should you not clamp a chest drainage unit
- will cause tension pneumothorax
- can clamp with DR's order
138
what is malignant hypothermia
- life threatening reaction to anesthesia that causes increase in temperatures and stiffness of the body
- inherited meaning condition passed on from mom or dad
- can result in death
139
what is wound dehiscence
surgical wound re-opening
140
what does adjunctive mean
a drug or substance that is added to enhance the response of the drug
141
what is tonicity
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into our out of a cell by osmosis
142
what is atelectasis
partial or complete collapse of a lung
143
alkalosis is
basic pH levels above 7.45
144
what is TURP syndrome
- hypotonic irrigating fluid during surgery is absorbed in body
- can occur from 15 min-24 hours after
- causes hypervolemia, hyponatremia (fluid dilated sodium)
145
what does nociceptive pain contain
somatic pain
- you know where it hurts
- pain from joints, muscles, bones, and incision site
ex post-op site at pain, or pain from fractured wrist
visceral pain:
- damage to the internal organs referred pain from kidney stones will cause back pain, or a heart attach will cause jaw and radiating arm pain
146
what is neuropathic pain
- nerve pain due to spinal cord malfunction
like pinched nerve, diabetes neuropathy
147
what is idiopathic pain
pain with no cause like certain headaches or back pains
148
Using an IV infusion system that delivers 20 drops/ml, the nurse hangs a 1000‐ml bag of 5% dextrose in water (D5W), which the physician has ordered to infuse at 100 ml/hr. It is now 10 AM. The nurse anticipates that the IV will need to be changed at
8pm
1000 ml
----------------- = 10hrs
100ml X 1hr
formula: total volume (ml)
----------------------
mls/hr
149
The doctor has ordered 1000ml of NS with 20KCL IV to be given at 150ml until transfusion is complete. The nurse
hangs the bag at 0600 hours. At what time do you anticipate the infusion finishing?
12:40pm
150
what is the formula to find the flow rate
Total volume (mls) ÷ time (hrs) = mls/hr
151
what is the formula for IV drip rate
Total volume (mls) X drop factor gtts/mls ÷ time (mins) =gtts/min
152
what is potassium
- electrolyte found in the intercellular fluid (inside the cell)
- helps control fluid within the cell with help of osmolarity
- helps with sending nerve signals, protein synthesis (to create new proteins), helps balance pH levels, and breaks down glycogen for energy
153
s/s for hyperkalemia
hyper
- dysrhythmias
- muscle cramps
hypo
- arrythmias
- numbness
- muscle twitching
154
what is chloride
- works with sodium to maintain fluid balance
- pH acid-base balance
155
what are the s/s of hypo/hyperchloremia
hypo
- muscle weakness
- metabolic alkalosis
hyper
- dehydration
- acidosis.
156
what is calcium
- keeps teeth and bones strong, helps keep muscles working well, and sends signals to nerves to communicate
157
what does magnesium do
- helps body metabolize carbs and protein for energy, store and use energy inside the cell (intercellular energy), and nerve signals to communicate to other parts of the body
- supports the heart, nerves, and muscles
158
what are s/s for hyper and hypocalcemia
hypo
- muscle twitching
- seizures
hyper
- kidney stones
- bone pain
- heart problems
159
what are the s/s of hyper and hypomagnesemia
hypo
- tremors
- arrhythmias
hyper
- low BP
- drowsiness
- risk of cardiac arrest
160
how is a tension pneumothorax treated
with a chest tube or needle decompression <-to remove air
thoracentesis is used to remove fluids
161
what are restraints
- devices that limit a persons movement
- need doc order
- used as last resort
4 types are
- physical
- mechanical
- chemical
- environmental
162
what are the ax done for patient's with restrains
- check CWMS
- ROM
- skin integrity
- toileting
163
what are the early and late signs of hemorrhaging
early:
- tachycardia
- cold, clammy hands
- restlessness
late:
- thirst
- confusion
- low urine output
- cold clammy, cyanotic skin
164
positions for a patient with pneumonia
semi fowlers
Lateral decubitus pt laying on their good side to improve oxygenation
165
what are the 5 P'S
- pallor
- pain
- paresthesia
- paralysis
- pulselessness
INP 400
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
