Preventative Dentistry > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is saliva made of

A

Calcium and phosphate. These are the primary integrals found in saliva that help remineralize the enamel of the teeth. When enamel is demineralized due to acids from bacteria, calcium and phosphate in saliva are redeposited onto the enamel surface, repairing the damage. Saliva has several antibacterial properties that help protect the mouth.

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2
Q

Acidic foods and drinks

A

Decrease buffering ability: acidic foods can lower saliva’s pH making it harder for saliva to further neutralize acids. This reduces its buffering capacity and increase teh risk of enamel erosion.

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3
Q

Sugary foods:

A

indirectly reduce buffering capacity: sugars are permeated by bacteria into acids, which lower the pH of saliva and reduce its buffering capacity over time

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4
Q

Alkalin or neutral foods

A

Enhance buffering ability: foods like vegetables, dairy, and nuts can help neutralize the acidity in the mouth

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5
Q

Water supports buffering

A

drinking water helps rinse away acids and dilute harmful substances, supporting saliva’s ability to maintain a neutral pH

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6
Q

Functions of sugar alcohols

A

40% of the calories of sucrose
Sorbitol: found in fruits and berries. ½ as sweet as sucrose. May be cariogenic
Mannito: found in seaweed, very little cariogenic activity, dusting agent for guys and bulking agent for powdered foods.

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7
Q

Xylito 5 carbon, same sweetness as sucrose 10x’s more expensive to produce. Created a protective effect residing S. Mutans. Minimum of 5g daily in 3-4 doses for 5-10 minutes each time. Influence on oral ecology: decreases bacterial metabolism, minimizes drop in dental plaque pH, reduces supragingival plaque, stimulates saliva. Byvluyvlyhv

A
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8
Q

Xylitol

A

5 carbon, same sweetness as sucrose 10x’s more expensive to produce. Created a protective effect residing S. Mutans. Minimum of 5g daily in 3-4 doses for 5-10 minutes each time. Influence on oral ecology: decreases bacterial metabolism, minimizes drop in dental plaque pH, reduces supragingival plaque, stimulates saliva.

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9
Q

How quickly can the mouth pH drop to critical level?

A

It is 2-3 minutes and stays that way for 40 minutes

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10
Q

The general idea of caries formation, what role does sugar play?

A

Caries productive bacteria must be present: streptococcci mutans, lactobacilli. What role does sugar play: amount, frequency, consistency

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11
Q

Intense sweeteners

A

Much sweeter than sucrose so only a small amount is sued being economical. Saccharin, aspartame, ace sulfate, sucralose, stevia, neotame.

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12
Q

Saccharin (sweet n low)

A

oldest, non-nutritive/noncariogenic, 200-700 x’s sweeter

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13
Q

Aspartame

A

equal: 160-220 x’s sweeter: not safe for patients with phenylkentonuria and is non-nutritive/noncariogenic

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14
Q

Acesulfame k sweet one

A

Acesulfame - K- sweet one: non-nutritive/noncariogenic 200 x’s sweeter

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15
Q

Sucralose Splenda

A

non-nutritive/noncariogenic, 600x’s sweeter

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16
Q

Stevia truvia

A

herbal 100-300 x’s sweeter non-nutritive/noncariogenic

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17
Q

Neotame-new tame

A

Like aspartame 7000-13,000 x’s sweeter. Non-nutritive/noncariogenic

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18
Q

Uses of sucrose

A

Nutritive sweetener: is a type of sweetener that provides calories energy to teh body.
Sweetening agent, flavor blender and modifier, texture and bodying agent, dispersing/lubricating agent, carmelization/color agent, bulking agent.

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19
Q

What is sucrose derived from

A

Manufactured form teh processing of sugar cane and sugar beets, molasses: sucrose in its least refined state, composed: disaccharide (one glucose and one fructose)

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20
Q

Optimum fluoride levels in community fluoridation

A

.7ppm

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21
Q

Multifactorial disease process

A

Caries: plaque microorganisms, substrate (carbohydrate or sugar), time (must all be present for a period of time), susceptible tooth.

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22
Q

Infectious agent

A

clinical identification of lesions and standard precautions (bacteria, fungi, viruses, Protozoa, richettsieae)

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23
Q

Reservoirs

A

health of dental team immunizations and standard precautions (people, equipment, instruments, dental unit water lines)

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24
Q

Port of exit

A

Standard precautions and waste disposal
Body fluids, skin and mucous membrane, droplets and spatter

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25
Transmission
Standard precautions and control of aerosols Direct contact, indirect contact, coughing, sneezing
26
Port of entry
Immunizations and standard precautions Body fluids, skin and mucous membranes, droplets and spatter, needle stick, inhalation
27
Susceptible Host
Treatment of secondary infection and standard precautions Immunosuppressed, medically compromised, elderly, pre-existing transmissible disease, non-vaccinated
28
Transtheoretical stages of change
Precontempation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination, relapse
29
Normal DIF
Smooth, glossy, pale creamy white translucent surface
30
Questionable DIF
A few white flecks or white spots
31
Very mild
Small opaque, paper white areas covering less than 25% of the tooth surface
32
Mild
Opaque white areas covering less than 50% of teh tooth surface
33
Moderate DIF
All tooth surface affected, marked wear on biting surfaces, brown stain may be present
34
Severe DIF
All tooth surfaces affected, discrete or confluence pitting, brown stain present
35
Bass
45 degree, bristles face apically to the long axis of the tooth. Horizontal jiggles and vibrations 2-3 teeth at a time. All patients should use this
36
Rolling
Good for kids, sweeping apically against teh attached gingiva, swept in an arc towards the occlusal surface, heel or toe used on lingual aspect of anterior teeth
37
Stillman
Massage and stimulate teh gingiva at a 45 degre angle with a slight blanching effect. STIMULATES GUMS, people who apply to much pressure and people with gum recession
38
Charters
Circular, orthodontics, bristles are place and a 45 degree angle towards the occlusal or incisal surface of the tooth. Brush using circular or vibratory strokes.
39
Fones
Young children. Clench teeth, place brush inside cheeks and move in a circular motion over maxillary and mandibular teeth. Place anterior teeth edge to edge. In and out strokes are used on lingual surfaces
40
Recurrent decay
Occurs on the tooth surface next to an exiting restoration. Imperfect restorations. Incomplete removal of cavity. Poor bonding
41
Roles of protein
Resistance to disease (antibodies, immunoglobulins) Transport proteins Energy PH balance Generation of new body tissues (collagen matrix for skin bones and teeth) Repair of body tissues Productions of essential compounds Hormones, enzymes, and regulation of fluid balance.
42
Tooth brush design factors
Concave: facial Convex: lingual Flat Multileveled: best option because it is more effective We also need nylon bristles that are endrounded
43
Side effects of CHX
RX only. It is bacteriostatic, anti-halitosis. Can cause stain, increase in Supra calculus, altered taste perception, minor irritation, interacts/inactivated by sls.
44
Potassium nitrate
Reduces teh reaction of teh nerves to stimuli by blocking the pathway to teh brain
45
Stannous fluoride
Blocks the tubule
46
List of desensitizers in dentrifices
Potassium nitrate, stannous fluoride, potassium oxylate, strontium chloride, and sodium citrate
47
Oral effects of PEM
Delays in tooth eruption Enamel structural defects -enamel hypoplasia Decreased saliva flow Reduced salivary buffering capacity and impaired salivary antimicrobial activity occur leading to increased caries susceptiblity
48
Calcium and phosphorus deficiency
Hypomineralization of developing teeth and possible delayed eruption patterns
49
Iron deficiency
Pallor of teh oral tissues and tongue. Tongue can appear shiny with blunted delusion papillae. Apthus ulcers.
50
Zinc deficiency
Inhibit collagen formation, halt osteogenesis and bone matrix mineralization. Also result in delayed wound healing, epithelial thickening and xerostomia.
51
Vitamin A
Defective tissue and impair healing
52
Vitam B
Cracks in teh corners of the mouth referred to as angular cheilitis. Inflammation, burning, redness, pain, and swelling of teh tongue
53
Vitamin C
Extensive gingival pocket formation and tooth mobility due to segregation fo teh collagen making up PDL fibers
54
The prodromal stage
Most contagious stage of HSV1 (cold sore, fever blister) 6-24 hours prior to lesion appearing, healing may take up to 10 days
55
Autocorrect infections related to herpes
Genital herpes, cervical cancer, neonatal herpes, varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox and shingles), Epstein Barr (mon and oral hairy leukoplakia), cytomegalovirus, herpes lymphotrophic virus, human herpes virus, kaposi sarcoma virus (darkening of gingiva)
56
Sings and symptoms of TB
Weight loss, fever, night sweats, weakness, persistent bloody cough.
57
What is HIV and what does it attack
HIV attacks the immune system! CD4+ T lymphocytes. Unable to hold off infections, disease, and cancer. Late stage = AIDS No cure, antivirals can lead to more normal life expectancy. Innovation period 1-8 years or longer. Most common transmission: parenteral (needle sharing), sexual. NOT TRANSMITTED BY SALIVA, SWEAT, TEARS, INSECT BITES, OR SOCIAL CONTACT. Blood is most common transmission substrate
58
Most concerning transmissible disease poses the biggest concern for the health care worker?
Hep B, can survive inside the body up to 7 days and still cause infection
59
HEP C
Most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US. May progress for 20 years without symptoms. Transmission: primary parenteral (needle sharing) No vaccine. Testing recommended if exposed to HCV - infected blood, injection drug users 50-80% will become chronically infected (carriers) after experiencing acute infection Hep C is the biggest cause of liver transplants in teh US
60
Oral lesions associated with HIV
Cadidiasis (fungal), Hairy leukoplakia (viral), Kaposis’s sarcoma (viral), non-hodsgkin’s lymphoma, necrotizing periodontal disease. NG, NP (numbing hurst very bad)
61
What is HPV a precursor to
A precursor to cervical and oropharyngeal (back of the throat) cancers
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