What is the function of breasts?
lactation
What produces and stores the milk in breasts?
lobules
What structures are responsible for milk ejection in breasts?
ducts and collecting ducts
What is the formation of painful, bilateral cysts in the breasts called? 1. When do these show up in the patients? 2
- Fibrocystic
2. Before menses and then recede shortly after menses
What is the function of the prostate? 1. What does it surround? 2. What is the biomarker for it when there is cell death? 3
- produces seminal fluid
- urethra
- PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)
What is the growth of the prostate with age that mimics cancer called?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
What are the different types of cancer that often metastasize in the eye?
- breast
- lung
- prostate
- melanoma
- lymphoma (NHL)
What is cancer in the bone marrow called? 1. When does it become leukemia? 2
- pancytopenia
2. >20% circulating blasts
What is lymphoma a cancer of?
germinal center B cells
What virus can cause B cell mutation/cancer?
Epstein-Barr Virus
When does cancer usually occur during cell processes?
- affinity maturation
2. isotype switching
What is it called when the genotype always equals the phenotype?
complete penetrance
What are the benefits of genetic testing?
- confirmation of diagnosis
- suspicion of disease
- presymptomatic testing
- carrier testing
- promotes proper medical management of systemic disease
- Gene therapy (LCA) and stem cell therapy
What are the limitations of genetic testing?
- genetic hetergeneity
- false negatives
- children
- don’t test for preventative genes which offset
What are the challenges of gene/stem cell therapy?
- therapeutic genes/cells may not integrate and function due to extensive tissue damage
- therapeutic genes/cells illicit an immune response
- Therapeutic genes/cells may cause cancer
- unregulated/unproven companies
