I. Pathophysiology > Midterm III > Flashcards

Midterm III Flashcards

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1
Q

What is high BP for pregnant women called?

A

Eclampsia

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2
Q

What is vasculitis at the capillary level?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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3
Q

What type of vascular disease is associated with Lupus?

A

vasculitis

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4
Q

What is the tube in which the urine drains from the nephron?

A

calyx

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5
Q

Where do the renal calyces drain?

A

renal pelvis

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6
Q

What are the six major functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Keep stuff in body
  2. Get rid of unwanted stuff from body
  3. Control BP
  4. Control plasma osmolarity
  5. Control pH
  6. Endocrine
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7
Q

What are the endocrine responsibilities of the kidney?

A
  1. Renin secretion (inc BP)
  2. Production of Angiotensin II
  3. Activates vitamin D
  4. EPO (RBC production)
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8
Q

What is the type of nephron for the short loop of Henle?

A

Cortical nephron

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9
Q

What is the type of nephron for the long loop of Henle?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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10
Q

What arteries/capillaries control the blood flow to the kidney?

A
  1. Afferent arteriole

2. Peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary nephrons called?

A

vasa recta

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12
Q

What is the amount of a substance removed by the kidneys per unit time called?

A

clearance

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13
Q

What are the reasons that finding the clearance of the kidney is useful?

A
  1. Determine how a substance is handled
  2. Renal function (if damaged)
  3. Pharmacokinetics
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14
Q

Does glucose exhibit a net reabsorption or secretion?

A

resabsorption

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15
Q

Does tetracycline exhibit a net reabsorption or secretion?

A

secretion

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16
Q

What goes into the blood from the kidney and has a large number of phosphates? 1. When is this a problem? 2

A
  1. creatinine

2. diabetes

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17
Q

When does the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) increase?

A

when filtration decreases because it is not being cleared

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18
Q

What is the ratio of BUN a indicator of?

A

disease

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19
Q

What tells the corpuscle how much to filtrate? 1. What is this process called? 2. What are the mechanisms for doing this? 3

A
  1. macula densa
  2. tubuloglomerulo feedback (TGF)
  3. myogenic stretch and TGF
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20
Q

What does constriction of the afferent arteriole do to the GFR?

A

decrease

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21
Q

An increase in GFR causes an increase in 1 in the DCT. The macula densa senses this and secretes 2 which causes 3 of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle.

A
  1. Cl-
  2. adenosine
  3. vasoconstriction
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22
Q

When is cNOS present?

A
  1. shear stress
  2. adenosine
  3. Bradykinin, Substance P
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23
Q

When is iNOS present?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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24
Q

When is there low NO?

A

damaged endothelium caused by age, smoking, aging, or cholesterol

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25
An decrease in GFR causes an increase in 1 in the DCT. The macula densa senses this and secretes 2 which causes 3 of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle.
1. Cl- 2. PGE2 3. vasodilation
26
What drives Ca2+ reabsorption in the DCT?
repulsion from positive lumen due to K+
27
What if the function of the potassium balance in the kidney?
Affects resting membrane potentials of all excitable cells
28
What are the drugs and pathologies that cause hyperkalemia?
1. Necrosis 2. Type 1 DM 3. Beta 2 Antagonists 4. Acidemia
29
What are the usual concentrations in the following locations: 1. Cortical ISF 2. Medulla ISF 3. Plasma 4. PCT 5. Tip of Loop of Henle 6. DCT 7. Urine
1. 300 mOsm/L 2. 300-600 mOsm/L 3. 300 mOsm/L 4. 300 mOsm/L 5. 600 mOsm/L 6. 100 mOsm/L 7. 50-100 mOsm/L
30
What are the hypotensive/high plasma osmolarity concentrations in the following locations: 1. Cortical ISF 2. Medulla ISF 3. Plasma 4. PCT 5. Tip of Loop of Henle 6. DCT 7. Urine
1. 300 mOsm/L 2. 300-1200 mOsm/L 3. 300 mOsm/L 4. 300 mOsm/L 5. 1200 mOsm/L 6. 100 mOsm/L 7. 1150-1200 mOsm/L
31
If hypo-osmolarity in the kidneys what is increased (with result)? 1. Decreased (with result)? 2
1. aldosterone (reabsorb sodium) | 2. ADH/AVP (excrete water)
32
If hyper-osmolarity in the kidneys what is increased (with result)? 1. Decreased (with result)? 2
1. ADH/AVP (reabsorb water) | 2. Aldosterone (excrete sodium)
33
What is the normal pH range in the kidney?
7.37-7.43
34
What stimulates the production of aqueous?
Carbonic Anhydrase
35
What term is used for pathology of the kidney before the nephron?
prerenal
36
What term is used for pathology of the kidney in the afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, glomerulus, and nephron?
intrarenal
37
What term is used for pathology of the kidney from the calyx through the urethra?
postrenal
38
What are the common effects of renal disease?
1. hypertension 2. edema 3. hyperkalemia 4. metabolic acidosis 5. osteomalacia (Ca2+) 6. anemia
39
What causes acute prerenal diseases?
circulatory failure
40
What stimulates renin release in the kidney?
1. Chronic sympathetic stimulation (Beta 1 agonist) 2. Chronically low BP (JGA) 3. Low filtration 4. Low Na+ in DCT 5. Macula densa senses low Na+
41
What usually accompanies End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?
1. Azotemia (High Cr and BUN) 2. Nephrotic syndrome 3. HTN/Edema (inc hydrostatic, dec osmotic) 4. Hyperkalemia 5. Metabolic acidosis 6. Osteomalacia (No Vit D) 7. Anemia
42
What are the treatments for ESRD?
1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal Dialysis 3. Transplant
43
What six major disease are related to Diabetes Mellitus?
1. Circulatory Failure 2. Renal Stenosis 3. Acute Tubular Necrosis 4. Diabetic Nephropathy 5. Pyelonephritis 6. Prostate cancer
44
Where is pressure in the vessels sensed? 1. What does is affect? 2
1. Baroreceptors | 2. SNS and PNS
45
Where is pressure in the kidney sensed? 1. What does it affect? 2
1. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | 2. Renin and Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
46
Where is pressure in the heart sensed? 1. What does it affect? 2
1. Right atrium | 2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
47
What regulates Antidiuretic Hormone/Arginine Vasopressin?
1. SNS 2. Angiotensin II 3. Osmolarity
48
What is the term for uncontrolled cell division?
neoplasia
49
What is a solid neoplasia called?
tumor
50
What is an invasive tumor called? 1. Is it metastatic? 2
1. Caner/malignant tumor | 2. it can be but not always
51
What is cancer of skeletal muscle called?
rhabdomyosarcoma
52
What is normal growth rate of smooth muscle cancer called?
leiomyoma
53
What is high growth rate of smooth muscle cancer along with strange mitosis called?
leiomyosarcoma
54
What is a benign thyroid cancer called?
Encapsulated Follicular Adenoma
55
What is the development of secondary tumor at a distant site called?
metastasis
56
What is the lymph node that is "standing guard" and is tested to see if it is clear?
Sentinal Lymph Node
57
What is the tumor that can have hair and teeth called? 1. Where does this grow? 2. Is it benign or malignant? 3
1. Teratoma (totipotent cell) 2. scrotum or ovaries 3. benign
58
What is a benign epithelial tumor on the surface with frond-like extensions called?
Papilloma
59
What is a epithelial mass projecting above the mucosa?
polyp
60
What is a mass of disorganized blood vessels full of blood that is not cancer called?
Hamartoma
61
Whats the probability of men developing cancer throughout their lifetime?
1 in 2
62
Whats the probability of women developing cancer throughout their lifetime?
1 in 3
63
What is the type of oncogenesis where the cells have the some thing wrong with them?
monoclonal
64
What is the type of oncogenesis where there are multiple different types of mutations?
polyclonal
65
When is angiogenesis required for tumor growth?
When tumor is greater than 1-2 mm
66
What angiogenic factor do tumors secrete?
VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
67
What are superficial epithelial vessels from angiogenesis called?
Telangiectasia
68
What is bleeding in the lungs called?
hemoptysis
69
What is the term for a certain type of cancer liking to go to certain places in the body?
tropism
70
What is the name for the clinical presentation of cancer?
paraneoplastic effects
71
What are the paraneoplastic effects of cancer?
1. Fever with night sweats (IFNγ) 2. Skin lesions (aconthosis nigricans) 3. Bleeding (telandiectasia) 4. Emboli 5. Hyper calcemia (PTH) 6. Cushing's Syndrome (ACTH) 7. Cachexia
72
What are the skin lesions that occur along the neck during cancer called?
aconthosis nigricans
73
What is the term for the presentation of a cancer patient "wasting away", developing anorexia, and losing muscle and fat?
cachexia
74
What is the term for the presentation of a cancer patient "wasting away", developing anorexia, and losing muscle and fat?
cachexia
75
What happens to the GFR during hypotension in the body?
decrease
76
What happens to the GFR during hypotension in the body?
decrease
77
What starling force is directly affected by kidney stones?
P(BS)
I. Pathophysiology
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