final

Question 1

what are the normal sodium levels

Answer 1

135- 145 mEq/L

Question 2

name the causes of hypernatremia

Answer 2

1. dehydration
2. water loss - diabetes insidious, kidney failure , vomiting
3. increased retention - primary aldosteronism
   - increased intake

Question 3

name the causes of hyponatremia

Answer 3

1. inadequate intake

2. excessive sodium loss

Question 4

T/F soodium is th major intracellular cation

Answer 4

false it is major extracellular cation

maintains osmotic pressure

Question 5

Postassium is the major ____ cation

Answer 5

intracellular

Question 6

potassium is responsible to ___ the cells membranes

Answer 6

repolarize

Question 7

what are the normal levels for potassium

Answer 7

3.5- 5 mEq/L

Question 8

____ crucial to enzyme activation to make nucleic acids and proteins

Answer 8

Magnesium

also cotransport for K and Na

Question 9

Mg most exists in ____

Answer 9

bone

Question 10

Normal levels for magnesium

Answer 10

1.3 - 2.1 mg/dl

Question 11

causes for increased Mg level

Answer 11

• renal failure to excrete adequate amounts

- adrenal insufficiency ( Addison’s disease)

Question 12

Causes for decreased level

Answer 12

• alcoholism
• malabsorption- vomiting- diarrhea- acute pancreatitis
• hypercalcemic conditions
• primary aldosteronsim
• diuretic use

Question 13

_____ used to store and utilize energy

Answer 13

phosphate

Question 14

normal phosphate levels

Answer 14

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dl

Question 15

causes for hypophosphatemia

Answer 15

• malnutrition
• hyperparathyroidism
• renal tubular acidiosis
• children will suppress growth

Question 16

causes for hyperphosphatemia

Answer 16

• skeletal disease
• healing fracture
• hypoparathyroidism
• renal failure
• acromegaly
• high intestinal obstruction

Question 17

the average adult body contains in total approximately _ kg of calcium

Answer 17

1 kg

Question 18

what is the normal total calcium levels

Answer 18

8.2 - 10.2 mg/dl

Question 19

what is the normal (ionized) calcium level

Answer 19

4.65- 5.28 mg/dl

Question 20

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 20

• HPT
• Paget’s , MM,Mets, fracture
• prolonged immobilization
• inadequate excretion - renal failure adrenal insufficiency
• excessive intake

Question 21

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 21

• hypoparathyroidism
• malabsorption
• excessive loss
  cushing’s syndrome
  
  • renal failure
  • acute pancreatitis
    
    • peritonitis

Question 22

name some functions of chloride

Answer 22

• works with sodium
• helps maintain osmotic pressure
• helps regulate blood volume and pressure
• absorbed in intestine - excreted in kidney

Question 23

normal levels of chloride

Answer 23

100- 108 mEq/L

Question 24

causes of hyperchloremia

Answer 24

• bicarbonate loos
• severe dehydration
• renal shut down
• head injury producing hyperventilation
• primary aldosterinsim

Question 25

causes of hypocloremia

Answer 25

- associated with low Na and K level - vomiting - intestinal fistula - renal failure - addisons disease - edema causes a dilution form

Question 26

explain what anion gap does

Answer 26

- reflects anion- cation balance - does so without individual electrolyte tests - tests sodium, chloride and bicarbonate - serum should be neutral - sodium is 90% cation - chloride and phosphate are 85% anions

Question 27

normal gap anion

Answer 27

8- 14 mEq/L

Question 28

extracellular buffers are

Answer 28

bicarbonate and ammonia

Question 29

intracellular buffers are

Answer 29

proteins and phosphate

Question 30

with PaO2 and SaO2 decrease and PaCO2 normal this indicates insufficient ____________. and is caused by

Answer 30

oxygenation of the blood - pneumothorax - impaired diffusion like interstitial fibrosis - atrio- ventricular shunt ( patent ductus arteriosus or septal defect)

Question 31

Low O2CT, with normal PaO2, SaO2 and PaCO2 will indicate ______

Answer 31

- Severe anemia - decreased blood volume or reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen

Question 32

name all the important electrolytes

Answer 32

- sodium - potassium - magnesium - phosphate - calcium - chloride - anion gap

Question 33

T/F | decreased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed

Answer 33

false causes more water to be lost - increased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed

Question 34

disturbances in K:Na leads to

Answer 34

- altered cardiac rhythms - altered transmission of neural impulses - altred muscle contraction

Question 35

T/F | Hyperkalemia will result in a shift from intracellular to extracellular

Answer 35

true