Final

Question 1

Life expectancy

Answer 1

• an average computed over all people including those who die shortly after birth, those who die in early adulthood in childbirth or in wars, and those who live unimpeded until old age
• an average that tells us the number of years that someone is expected to live from a specific starting point

Question 2

Lifespan

Answer 2

An individual specific concept; maximum lifespan is an upper bound rather than an average
- the max # years individual is expected to live; calculated by looking at the maximum # years someone from the same dataset lived

Question 3

Primate lifespans and body size

Answer 3

• larger bodies animals live longer

Question 4

Male vs female lifespans

Answer 4

• female primates live longer than males

- males tend to have riskier lives: dispersal, higher intra- sexual competition, more physical fighting

Question 5

Altricial

Answer 5

• underdeveloped

- primate infant brains are fairly underdeveloped at birth

Question 6

Precocial

Answer 6

• well developed

- active or physically mobile at birth

Question 7

Strepsirhines less or more altricial

Answer 7

• less altricial

Question 8

More altricial

Answer 8

• happlorrhines

- within primates precocial offspring is considered the primitive trait

Question 9

Mothers are parkers

Answer 9

• some lemurs and lorises
• short lactation with high- fat milk
• post partum mating
• no infanticde

Question 10

Mothers are carriers

Answer 10

• most haplorrhines
• long lactation with low-fat milk
• no post-party’s mating
• infanticide occurs

Question 11

Socialization

Answer 11

• modification or behaviour through observation of and interaction with others in the social group

Question 12

Why is socialization important in primates?

Answer 12

• large brains relative to body size and heavy reliance upon learning for survival lead to slow maturation and lengthy period of dependence

Question 13

Infant socializing agents

Answer 13

• mothers
• adult males
• handlers
• peers (other infants)

Question 14

Mother- infant relationship

Answer 14

• the first social relationship the infant will form
• very strong
• mothers actively and passively shape the infants social environment

Question 15

Variability in maternal care

Answer 15

1. Age of mother
2. Parity of mother (experience)
3. Rank of mother
4. Temperament of mother
5. Temperament of infant
6. Species differences
7. Sex of infant
8. Food availability

Question 16

Why do males interact with infants?

Answer 16

• sexual selection and female choice
• parental investment
• paternity certainty
• kin selection
• siblings, other maternal kin

Question 17

Indirect paternal care

Answer 17

• tolerance, detection, and defence against predators, resource defence for group

Question 18

Direct parental care

Answer 18

• direct male care is favoured when infants require a high level of investment (eg callitrichids)
• male care is predicted to be higher when paternity certainty is higher (monogamy)

Question 19

5 categories of adult male- infant interactions/ relationships

Answer 19

1. Intensive care taking
2. Affiliation
3. Occasional affiliation
4. Tolerance
5. Use and abuse

Question 20

Intensive caring

Answer 20

• males spend large portion of their day in infant care taking
• parental firings shared
• male care ends when infant capable of independent movement
• most common in callitrichids

Question 21

Prolactin

Answer 21

Females: prolactin stimulates the mammary glands of mothers to make and secrete milk

• elevated levels of prolactin also found in males who participate in paternal care
• prolactin comes before caregiving

Question 22

Allocare/ infant handling

Answer 22

• any behaviour in which any individual besides the mother touches, inspects, grooms, holds, babysits, plays with, carries, or nurses infant
• key: TOUCH
• the amount of handling an infant received is primarily regulated by the amount of maternal tolerance
• Triadic: Mom, infant, handled

Question 23

Maternal tolerance

Answer 23

• mom’s willingness to give up baby to handler

Question 24

Why does infant handling occur?

Answer 24

1. Learning to mother hypothesis (benefits handler, individual selection, some support)
2. Mother relief hypothesis (benefits mother, kin selection and inclusive fitness, not supported)
3. Promotes development (benefits infant- not yet supported at intraspecific level)

Question 25

Who handles the most?

Answer 25

- very young infants handled the most - nulliaprous females handle the most - despotic primates have less handling overall and more negative handling - egalitarian primates have more handling overall

Question 26

Colobines and handling

Answer 26

- colobine mothers (egalitarian) are more permissive with their infants than cercopithecine mothers (despotic) - colobine infants are handled earlier, longer, and by more individuals

Question 27

Aunting to death

Answer 27

- the killing of infants by inexperienced or violent handlers; occurs when infants starve because of lost access to milk or infants die due to neglect - proximate: inexperienced females don't know how to take care of infant - ultimate: trying to reduce completion

Question 28

Peers and play

Answer 28

- young primates interact with age mates - first experience interacting with non- relatives - first opportunity to learn social skills outside of kinship context

Question 29

Characteristics of play

Answer 29

- exaggerated, repeated, restrained, often accompanied by a "play face", quiet - can be solitary, solitary with objects, or social

Question 30

Function of play

Answer 30

- practice for adults- physical and social - teaching/ learning - bonding - skill acquisition/ demonstration - stress relief - immune exposure - increase enjoyment of mundane

Question 31

Who can play with depends on group composition and dispersal

Answer 31

MM-MF bonded: play with kin and friends Monogamous: play with neighbours, sobs, parents; solitary play more common

Question 32

Infant mortality

Answer 32

- extrinsic mortality risks are highest during infancy | - main causes: disease, stochastic events, malnutrition, infanticide

Question 33

Infanticide

Answer 33

- females with long lactation periods undergo postpartum amnorrhea and no post partum mating occurs - loss of infant = female resumes estrus sooner

Question 34

Parent- offspring conflict: weaning

Answer 34

- a major time conflict - offspring demand more from their mothers than they are willing to give - mother stops investing in offspring sooner than it wants

Question 35

Juvenile

Answer 35

- period from weaning to sexual maturity | - unlike infants, likely to survive death of mother

Question 36

2 strategies to surviving being a juvenile

Answer 36

1. Minimize time spent as a juvenile (strepsirhines) | 2. Grow slowly (haplorhines)

Question 37

Growing slowly benefits

Answer 37

Niche separation: small- body allows feeing on terminal branches

Question 38

Growing slowly costs

Answer 38

1) increased vulnerability to predators | 2) feeding efficiency and diet is less than adults

Question 39

Puberty

Answer 39

Hypothalamus--> secretes hormones--> activates pituitary gland --> affects gonads - more gradual for males than females - dispersal usually takes place before puberty or before sexual activity - dispersing sex high mortality - secondary sex characteristics appear

Question 40

Adulthood

Answer 40

- more or less continuos from puberty to death - no major stages or categories within the adult life course - no distinct role or behaviour for old NHPs as there is for humans

Question 41

Why no distinct social role or behaviour for old NHPs

Answer 41

- division of labour (humans more dependent, change ability produce change social role not death) - awareness of mortality (not aware NHP) - Menopause (reproduction cessation but other organs healthy)