1
Q
Define hunger
A
— Hunger is a feeling; discomfort, weakness caused by a lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat.
— Strong desire or craving for food.
2
Q
Food security affects ___. It is a _____
A
— Food security affects all people (sex, ethnicity) from all times; it is a human right.
3
Q
Food security is the same/ different as food safety
A
Different. — Food security encompasses food safety
4
Q
What is hidden hunger?
A
Lack of vitamins and minerals, which do not necessarily show obvious physical symptoms (e.g. anemia
5
Q
According to FAO’s Declaration on World Food Security at the World Food Summit in Rome in 1996, what is the definition of food security?
A
Food security affects all people, at all times, and implies physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, taking into account dietary needs and preferences to provide individuals with an active and healthy life.
6
Q
What is food insecurity?
A
Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, OR limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Food insecurity is not necessarily the lack of food security.
7
Q
What are the three types of environments that affect food security? Give examples for each
A
Physical Environment: climate change, soil degradation, water scarcity, lack of infrastructure
Social Environment: inequalities in land distribution, conflict, dependence
Policy Environment: lack of budget allocation to fight hunger, unstable food markets, political instability
8
Q
What are the 3 capitals that affect food security?
A
Financial Capital: when insufficient, impacts on agricultural production
Human Capital: when insufficient, illiteracy and taboos
Social Capital: when insufficient, weak social network
9
Q
What are possible consequences of food insecurity?
A
- Insufficient, low-quality diet with poor utilization
- Undernutrition and obesity (double-burden?) and chronic diseases
- Depression and conflicts
- Illness
10
Q
What is the double-burden of food insecurity?
A
The co-existence of undernutrition and obesity within the same household, community, or country.
11
Q
What did the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 state in terms of the right to food?
A
“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food…” Health was at the center of this statement, but not food.
12
Q
What is ICESCR?
A
A legally-binding agreement, ratified by over 150 countries, which states that everyone possesses the right to adequate food and the fundamental right to be free from hunger.
13
Q
What three things must the states that have ratified the ICESCR do?
A
- Respect: cannot take measures that prevent people to access food
- Protect: must prevent others from interfering
- Fulfill: must create conditions for effective realization
14
Q
- Why is the right to adequate food a concern for ALL members of society? Name four reasons.
A
- Legal Obligations: many countries have ratified the ICESCR
- Economic Reasons: hunger, malnutrition, and poverty have economic and social costs
- Political Reasons: politicians who implement the right to food are more popular among voters
- Ethical Reasons: since we have knowledge and resources, it would be unethical not to act
15
Q
Who is at the center of concern in the Right to Adequate Food Approach? Who is called for responsible action?
A
- Vulnerable groups are the center of concern.
* All members of society are responsible, including the private sector
16
Q
What is short-term food insecurity? What is long-term food insecurity? How may they be overcome?
A
- Chronic Food Insecurity is long-term or persistent, which may be overcome with measures that address poverty (ex: education).
- Transitory Food Insecurity is short-term or temporary, which may be overcome by planning and developing resilience.
17
Q
What are the four pillars of food security? Provide examples of what they imply.
A
- Access: food prices, road density
- Availability: food production
- Utilization: food preparation, diversity of the diet
- Stability: weather conditions, political instability
18
Q
What are the four types of stability?
A
SEEP (social, economic, environmental, and political)
19
Q
World food summit goal
A
Decrease the number of hungry people by 1/2
20
Q
Millenium development goal
A
Decrease number of people by 50%
21
Q
What two factors determine the nutritional status of individuals?
A
- Sufficient energy and nutrient intake (good care and feeding practices, food preparation, etc.)
- Good biological utilization of food consumed
22
Q
What are the four methods to measure food security?
A
- Food Balance Sheets (FAO method)
- Adequacy of dietary intake
- Child nutritional status (anthropometric indicators)
- Food Insecurity Experience Scale (Voices of the Hungry)
23
Q
Definition of food security
A
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
24
Q
How many households in Canada are food insecure
A
12.5%
25
hat does the Voices of the Hungry measure
People’s experience with food insecurity
26
Differentiate stunting and wasting. What do they indicate? What is underweight
* Stunting is defined as being short of height for age, which illustrates chronic undernutrition.
* Wasting is defined as being low weight for height, which illustrates acute undernutrition.
* Underweight is defined as being low weight for age.
27
What is the impact of alternative definitions of the minimum dietary energy requirements
FAO calculates the minimum dietary energy requirement based on SEDENTARY activity, which provokes an underestimation of the value, as not everyone is sedentary. If the activity was increased to a “regular” level, then the minimum dietary energy requirements would rise such that 1.5 billion people would be calculated as undernourished in terms of energy.
28
What is the key driver in the increase in undernourishment? What measures must be done to address this issue?
* The key driver are conflicts, which are exacerbated by climate-related shocks.
* Addressing food insecurity must be done in a conflict-sensitive approach that provides immediate humanitarian assistance, long-term development, and the sustainability of peace.
29
. What was the goal in terms of undernourishment at the World Food Summit in 1996? Did they reach their goal?
* The goal was to decreased undernourishment by half the NUMBER in 2015 (target was 500 million).
* The number was 780 million in 2015, so the goal was not reached.
30
Which region has the highest number of undernourished people? Which region has the highest percentage of undernourished people
* Highest number: Asia
| * Highest percentage: Africa
31
What are the components of IFPRI’s GHI? What is the weight of each component? What is the issue with this composition?
* Undernourishment (1/3)
* Child mortality (1/3)
* Wasting (1/6)
* Stunting (1/6)
* The issue is that a decrease in child mortality masks a possible increase in undernourishment, as they are weighed the same. Thus, countries seem to always be increasing, but this is not a good message to pass along
32
What are the components of the Economist’s Global Food Security Index?
* Affordability
* Availability
* Food quality and safety
33
Differentiate the characteristics of mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity.
* Anxiety and worry about the uncertainty in the food supply (mild).
* Budget restrictions affect the quality of the food supply (mild/moderate).
* Budget restrictions affect the quantity of the food supply (moderate/severe).
* Presence of hunger (severe
34
What type of household has the highest prevalence of food insecurity in the United States
Single women with children (30%)
35
Name four risk factors for food insecurity in Canada
* Gender: females exhibit larger rates of food insecurity
* Area of residence: individuals in rural regions are more food insecure
* Employment: unemployed individuals are more food insecure
* Civil status: single individuals are more food insecure
* Education: educated individuals are less food insecure
36
According to UNICEF, what is the main cause of child mortality in the world?
The main cause is undernutrition. Other causes are mainly due to infectious diseases, in which undernutrition may exacerbate the symptoms.
37
What are the two immediate causes of malnutrition?
* Inadequate diet
| * Disease
38
What are the three underlying causes of malnutrition?
* Inadequate household food security
* Inadequate care
* Inadequate services and unhealthy environment
39
What are the two basic causes of malnutrition?
* Lack of capital: financial, human, physical, social, and natural
* Social, economic, and political context
40
What was the Determinants of Food Insecurity of Australian Children determined from?
Based on interviews with Australian individuals concerning the challenges they were facing in terms of food insecurity. Each component gained weight by the number of statements received. The largest component was a lack of nutrition knowledge and cooking skills.
41
What are the five layers to the determination of health?
* Constitutional factors
* Individual lifestyle factors
* Social and community networks
* Living and working conditions
* General socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions
42
What are the four factors that increase the risk for foodborne diseases
* Urbanization
* Low levels of biosecurity
* High-risk of pathogens
* Lagging governance systems
43
What is the multi-dimensional poverty assessment?
* Poverty is usually measured by income or expenditure.
* The multi-dimensional assessment incorporates the ability of people to have access to housing, food, health, employment, and education.
44
What is the triple burden of food insecurity? What is the quadruple burden of food insecurity?
* Triple burden incorporates unsafe foods to undernutrition and obesity.
* Quadruple burden incorporates micronutrient deficiencies.
45
Which countries have the highest rates of obesity?
Small-island countries, which rely largely on importation because their food production systems are utilized for the tourist industry.
46
What are the three types of food categories?
* Core foods
* Secondary foods
* Peripheral foods
47
Name four possible consequences of food insecurity.
• Malnutrition is costly, both on family budgets and on GDP.
• Food insecurity may lead to malnutrition in children, causing stunting or wasting, affecting their health.
• Food insecurity is linked to an increased prevalence of obesity.
Food insecurity may lead to hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies) due to a lack of healthy, nutritious, foods
48
Name four commitments of the World Food Summit Plan of Action.
* Prevent and be prepared for natural disasters and man-made emergencies.
* Policies aimed at eradicating poverty; access to sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe food.
* Political, social, and economic environment most conductive to achieving sustainable food security for all.
* Implement, monitor, and follow-up this plan.
49
What must governmental organizations keep in mind when designing methods to improve food security?
They MUST ask for the input of poor individuals experiencing food insecurity for proper growth.
50
What are the three main strategies against undernutrition?
* Food-based strategies
* Supplementation
* Global public health and disease control measures
51
Name four food-based strategies against undernutrition. Which one is the most sustainable approach to prevent micronutrient deficiencies?
* Increase food production
* Improve dietary diversity
* Food fortification (biofortification) - most sustainable approach to prevent micronutrient deficiencies
* Nutrition education
52
Name four of the seven high-priority policy actions to eradicate food insecurity.
* Invest in human resources
* Improve markets, infrastructure, and institutions
* Promote good governance
* Expand appropriate research, knowledge, and technology
53
Name four pathways to reshape the global food system.
* Invest in agricultural research and development
* Fix the fundamentals (marketing, infrastructure)
* Empower women in linking agriculture to nutrition
* Improve food safety
54
How much of food is wasted ? in percentages and in tones
30-40%
| 1.6 billion tons is wasted worldwide
55
Food producers are responsible for-
o Providing consumers food that is safe, affordable and fulfils the expectations for diversity and quality (responsibility)
while
o Respecting economic, environmental, social needs (sustainability)
56
World food problems leading to increased wastes
- Changing landscapes due to urbanization and deforestation
- Loss of land, water and air quality
- Huge food losses
- Increasing population
57
How many sustainable development goals are there? When and who?
17
| UN in September 2015
58
Universal declaration of human rights about food
- Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food
59
Food loss vs food waste
- Food loss refers to the decrease in edible food mass though supply chain that leads to edible food for human consumption
- Food waste refers to the food which is fit for consumption being discarded – e.g. consumer level; production or retail level
- Food waste is the highest in developed countries
60
Describe pos-harvest losses
- Are interesting due to their high losses- 50% in developed countries and 55% in developing countries
Can be:
o Qualitative- change in its sensory and health improving qualities
o Quantitative- causing a reduced weight and volume of the produce
- Affected by temperature, humidity and light
61
name causes of food losses (9)
- Poor storage facilities
- Poor infrastructure and transportation, lack of refrigeration
- Inadequate market facilities
- Poor packaging
- Quality standards
- Food manufacture
- Poor environmental conditions during display
- Lack of planning-limited focus on waste
- Leftovers
62
Best before vs use by
Best before gives you an idea of how long a food can last before it loses it’s quality. Refers to quality rather than food safety
Use by- refers to food safety. Do not eat after use by!
63
Traditional vs Taguchi
- Traditional- there’s good or bad product only as per limits
- Taguchi- when a product moves from its target will cause the loss even if the products lies or not within limits
64
Name qualitative and quantitative ways of measurements of food wastage
```
Qualitative
o Focus groups
o Key information
Quantitative
o Household surveys
o Lab measurement
```
65
Where in the food chain the most losses happen in the developed countries ( North America, Europe) and in the developing countries
Developed countries - consumer level Developing countries - production to retailing
66
What are the enemies of fresh produce?
-Product respiration -Rotting(mold production) through fungal decay -Shriveling(drying) through water loss
67
What is Taguchi Method
-Approach to quantify quality loss, to optimize postharvest handling and to predict the quality outcomes during postharvest storage
68
Food quality management is essential to
Minimize postharvest losses and maximize food availability of fresh product
69
What does food management include ( 4 things)
-Quality management -Quality design -Quality improvement -Quality control/assurance
70
Who came up with a consensual definition concerning food security? When?
- Rome Declaration on World Food Security - 1996
71
Who does food security affect?
- All people (sexe, ethnicity) - All times - Human right
72
Define food security.
- The physical and economic access to food - The access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets our dietary needs and preferences
73
What is the end goal of food security?
To provide individuals with an active and healthy life
74
Does food security encompass food safety, or the opposite?
Food security encompasses food safety
75
Food insecurity (is/is not) the lack of food security.
Is not
76
How does food security shift to food insecurity?
- Access to food: food security - Lack of availability: food insecurity
77
Why is availability not a problem in today's society? What is?
- We know how to produce staple foods optimally - Problem: ability of individuals to acquire foods (income, prices, distribution)
78
Describe the physical environment.
- Climate change - Soil degradation - Water scarcity
79
Describe the social environment.
- Land distribution - Conflicts
80
Describe the policy environment.
- Budget allocation - Food markets - Instability
81
What does insufficient financial capital impact?
Agriculture production
82
What does low human capital cause?
Illiteracy and taboos
83
What does low social capital cause?
Weak social network
84
What does low ecological capital impact?
Negatively impacts natural resources
85
What do low capitals cause?
- Poverty, unemployment, and high food prices - >Lead to food insecurity
86
What does food insecurity lead to?( 4 points)
- Insufficient or low quality diet - Poor utilization of food resources - Malnutrition (overweight, underweight) - Malnutrition leads to illness, depression, and conflicts
87
Food insecurity experience and associated severity levels?
Mild food insecurity ->worrying about ability to acquire food Moderate food insecurity ->Compromising quality and variety of food Severe food insecurity ->experiencing hunger
