1
Q
animal
A
org that feeds on org matter, usually has specialized sense organs and nervous sys, able to respond rapidly to stimuli
2
Q
whooping cranes clip
A
birds on the verge of extinction, so because chicks imprint on caregiver, ppl taking care of them have to wear crane costumes. young learn migration from adults
3
Q
US airways plane crashed into Hudson River in Jan. 2009. what happened
A
- discovered bird remains in plane’s engine
- mitochondrial dna seq from tissues matched those of canada geese who are not from here
4
Q
elements of analytic thinking
A
assumptions
data
facts
experiments
concepts/theories
conclusions
implications
5
Q
intellectual standards
A
clarity
accuracy
precision
relevance
depth
breadth
logic
significance
fairness
6
Q
what does the spontaneous improvement curve look like
A
downwards s curve
7
Q
house finch experiment, ch 3
A
- more carotenoids = less mycoplasma gallicepticum and less feather degrading bacteria and they have brighter sons and are better dads
- women prefer redder males
8
Q
steroid hormones
A
fat soluble hormones that need chem carrier -> longer time between when stim sensed and hormone release
9
Q
HPA axis
A
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, activation = behaviour changes
10
Q
fight or flight process
A
- adrenal glands and cns release epinephrine
- epinephrine binds to smooth muscle receptors around blood vessels
- epinephrine binds to heart and lung receptors to increase activity
- increases blood sugar and oxygen which is delivered quickly to vital organs
- nonessential systems shut down temproarily
- hypothalamus releases CRH, GHRH and TRH
11
Q
prairie voles vs meadow voles, ch 3
A
prairie voles r monogamous and better dads bc more vasopressin receptors in ventral pallidum area
meadow voles r polygynous and deadbeats bc they have less vasopressin receptors
vasopressin controlled by avpr1a, homozygous long avpr1a = more sweet and kind -> for prairie voles
12
Q
honeybee foragers and nurse bees, ch 3
A
at 21 days some bees become foragers bc they have more JH III in corpus allatum
- remove corpus allatum = start foraging later and shittier at it
- foragers have more octopamine and bigger mushroom bodies/corpora pedunculata
13
Q
plainfin midshipman fish
A
type i: smaller dicks, bigger muscles w more fibers, mate normally, arginine vasotocin inhibits sound prod
type ii: bigger dicks, smaller sonic muscles w less fibers, sneaker males, isoctocin inhibits sound prod
14
Q
puzzle box exp, ch 3
A
bigger brain size relative to body size = better problem solving
15
Q
major components of behav
A
feeding fleeing fighting fornication
16
Q
animal life history
A
survival growth reprod aging
17
Q
tinbergens types of questions
A
DMSE: dev, mechanism, survival value, evol history
18
Q
foundations of animal behav
A
nat select, indiv learning, cultural transmission
19
Q
information-center hypothesis
A
foragers learn abt location and identity of food from other foragers that recently came back from a foraging sesh
20
Q
what mechanisms change other bio traits
A
evol, phenotypic plasticity, growth/aging
21
Q
curly tailed and brown anole lizards, ch 2
A
curly tailed eat brown anoles. they put curly tailed on islands where brown anoles were and their pop halved. kaboom hurricane killed more brown anoles. they moved to higher habitats, selected for bigger brown anoles.
22
Q
domestication syndrome
A
domesticated species share common traits → mottled colour, floppy ears, curly tails, more juvenile, less neural crest cells.
23
Q
3 prereqs of natural selection
A
variation in trait, fitness conseqs, mode of inheritance
24
Q
truncation selection
A
- measure approach score of each indiv when it reaches 12 months
- find mean value x₀
- truncate/cut off pop level variation in approach scores → let only indivs w scores greater than a certain value to breed
- calculate mean approach score of indivs allowed to breed → x₁
- calculate selection differential: diff between x₁ and x₀ → S which is max amount we can expect nat selection to change scores if all variation was genetic
- raise offspring made by gen 1 birds in same conditions as their parents till theyre 12 months old and measure their approach scores
- find mean value x₂
- response to selection: diff between x₂ and x₀ → R measures how much truncation selection changed scores across gen 1 and 2
3. heritability: R/S -> proportion of all variance in scores is bc of genetic variance
25
parent-offspring regression
parents pass genes to offspring so when narrow sense heritability is high the variation in offspring should map onto behav variation in parents. greater the role enviro variance plays in determining variance = lower narrow sense heritability of that behav
26
cliff swallow birds, ch 2
basically even if they were adopted they still prefer same size nests as their birth parents
27
antipredator behav in guppies, ch 2
upstream = weak predation, nat select favours them having bigger but fewer kids
downstream = high predation from many big predators, having more smaller kids is better
28
high predation arima river guppies got moved to low predation site sans guppies, ch 2
they became more similar to low predation guppies in shoaling and predator inspection, hten when they moved back to hgih predation site they went back to high predation mode. shows how nat select acts quickly
29
more asymmetry is correlated w what
more at risk, less able to handle stress
30
naked mole rats, ch 2
eusocial, very inbred
31
narrow-sense heritability
proportion of variance in trait bc of additive genetic variance
32
homology
trait shared by 2+ species bc of common ancestry
33
homoplasy/analogy
trait shared by 2+ species bc nat select acted independently on each species
34
parsimony analysis/occam's razor
phylogenetic tree w least # of evol changes is most likely correct
35
comparative method
IS IT COMMON ANCESTRY OR NAT SELECTION??
using existing phylo trees to see if selection pressures favor combo of traits or if its bc of common ancestry
36
ray-finned fish
external breeders have 25% parental care, internally fertilizing have 90% parental care
37
hypothesis for complex toolmaking in new caledonia crows, ch 2
low competition + low predation = time to experiment. long dev period in babies = time to learn from parents
38
pig tailed macaques ch 15
groups that police behav by breaking up fights -> when they were removed there was less prosocial behav
39
qtl mapping
qtl = quantitative trait loci, genes that control polygenic traits. qtl mapping = markers must be linked to trait/be physically close on the gene. basically qtl maping finds general region of genome where the qtl live
40
genetic variance
VG, avg amt of varience among phenotypes
41
enviro variance
VE, avg amt of varience among indivs within same genotype
42
phenotypic variance
VP = VG+VE
43
what is the diff between broad sense and narrow sense heritability?
narrow sense = proportion of phenotype variance caused by additive effects (so no recessive alleles, masking, etc) --> slope of regression
broad sense heritability = proportion of genotypic variance -> doesnt always lead to phenotypic variance
44
arctic tern birds clip
- migrational
- they hover above water stationary → when they see fish they go down and get it
- men take fish to women to impress them
- women will do the do with the men after they give them food
- they dive bomb attack humans if u go near nest
45
bacteria and cells size
1-30 micrometres
46
chemotaxis in e coli
1. detection by receptors
2. conduction by messenger
3. polling: processing based on messenger concentration
4. transmission of decision
- nucleus is liek brain and transmits info to flagella
47
advantages of innate behav
- survival
- no trial and error
- quick response to stim
48
a.e. formosus vs a.e. aegypti, ch 4
formosus likes nonhuman blood, aegypti likes human blood
2 gen breeding exp found strong evi for gene diffs in scent preference
49
termites, ch 4
when neofem2 gene in queen stops signalling bc of like death or smth, worker termites start butting
50
mendel's laws of genetics
1. principle of segregation: indivs have 2 copies of each gene/factor and they segregate/get distributed fairly during egg/sperm formation
2. independent assortment: whichever allele is passed down to next gen at one locus is independent of which one is passed down at other loci → only true for unlinked genes/loci
51
male ruff birds, ch 4
independent males guard small mating territories, recessive
satellite males share independent male's mating area and try to steal his women, dom
<1% use female mimic
52
bees adn fruit flies, ch 4
more "per" mrna and mvl gene (which affects manganese transport to brain) in pollen foragers, then nectar foragers, then low in nurses
53
zebra finches, ch 4
zenk mrna levels increase after hearing own species' songs -> habituation also happens
54
synonymous mutation
dont change amino acid seq so no effect on fitness
55
gpcr/g-protein-coupled receptors
toolkit involved w responding to intruders in mice, sticklebacks and bees
56
how does temp affect parasite shit
cold temp = less able to tell if a host already got parasitized or not
57
e. atra spiders, ch 4
ballooning thread dispersal = long distance, riskier, used in fall bc they move to noncrop areas where mortality risk higher
rappeling thread dispersal = short distance, ued in spring in crop fields which r less risky
artificially changing temp also affects this
58
prairie voles and parental care, ch 4
single mom babies took longer to find mates and bond w them
59
cichlid fish raised by helpers at the nest, ch 4
fish raised w adults or adults w helpers showed behav that cost less energy but still defended their territories compared to fish w no adults
60
meadow voles, ch 5
male meadow voles have larger territories, r better at spatial memory tasks and have larger hippocampus region than females
61
cowbirds, ch 4
females r better at memory than men
62
adaptive significance of pain
1. escape/withdrawal to avoid harm
2. resting for recovery
3. sensitization/avoidance learning
63
straitjacket/stj gene
helps u avoid heat
64
emotions
internal states elicited by rewards and punishers which r anything an animal will work to achieve or avoid respectively
objective terms: +ve and -ve reps of internal states
65
learning
relatively permanent change in behaviour bc of experience
66
second-order conditioning
conditioned response learned by pairing us and cs1 at first is now elicited by cs2 only
67
overshadowing
cs2 and cs1 at same time= respond less strongly to cs1 only
cs2 makes it harder to pair cs1 and us
68
blocking
group 3 (trained to associate cs1 and us first then cs2 is shownat same time as cs1 and us) responds less strongly to cs2 alone than group 2 bc cs1 + us blocked group 3’s ability to pair cs2 w us
69
remember its either learning ability or longevity u cant have both ok
ok
70
sticklebacks, ch 5
raised indivs from predator-rich and predator-free streams in lab and both didnt interact w predators and avoided dangerous end of tank
71
constitutive cost to learning
paid by good learners whether they learn or not
72
inducted cost to learning
paid only when learning happened
73
cabbage white butterfly, ch 5
have innate preference for green stuff but some can be trained to search for red stuff -> best learners made fewer and less developed eggs <-- constitutive cost
74
hellbenders, ch 5
have innate fear response to white mucus alarm chem from other hellbenders --> group 1 paired mucus w brown trout predator scent had better antipredator behav than control
75
mongolian gerbils, ch 5
females learned to pair odor and husband access by responding by going to area associated w cue -> male and female parental investments r the same
76
long tailed tits , ch 5
helpers at the nest gain indirect fitness helping their sibs. birds heard taped churr call of relative or nonrelative and they prefered their relatives. churr call is learned bc theyre simimlar to adoptive siblings/parents
77
paper wasps, ch 5
wasps can pair intact faces only w shocks
78
rats, ch 5
syracuse low avoidance rats showed more anxiety and more incompetence than syracuse high avoidance rats in their exp
79
forager ants, ch 6
-the leader knows where food is, they pay a cost of getting there slower b/c they wait when the follower lags behind
-the follower continually taps the legs of the leader, gets to food faster than it would solo and returns faster as well
80
stone play trend
times decrease w age, amoutn of time increases w age
81
Cultural Transmission
system of information transfer that affects phenotype thru teaching or social learning
-involves a "model" individual (tutor/demonstrator) and an "observer, inhibits interbreeding
82
diff between learning and cultural transmission
learning goes from from indiv to indiv and stops when one of them dies
cultural transmission is passed thru generations
83
local enhancement
model brings observer to place to learn on their own
84
social facilitation
mere presence of model facilitates learnign
85
tits and milk bottles ch 6
learned thru imitation, would prefer smae colour lids as observers
86
correspondence problem
observer can only see the movements, how do they know which muscles to activate to copy the movement?
87
perspective-taking problem
if 2 ppl are facing each other and demonstrator moves left arm, the observer sees that as their right arm
88
copying vs imitation
copying: copied behav doesnt need to be spatial or new behav
imitation: must be new behav
89
social learning of tradition can lead to indiv learning which can lead to tradition falling off
ok
90
great tits, ch 6
2 demonstrators were taught to solve a puzzle box either sliding door right or left. After being returned to their home populations, others learned the same way to open the puzzle box and didn't do it the other way, showing it wasn't individual learning
91
components of teaching
parent/offspring relationship
-adults usually don’t teach other adults
-need to have some fitness benefits to offset cost of teaching
opportunity teaching - teachers put students hwere they cna learn smth new
coaching - teacher directly alters student behav thru encouragement or punishment
92
convex curve = satiated, concave s curve = hungry animal
ok
93
ants, ch 11
ants promote growth of fungi and use ant antibiotic to kill parasites
94
bluegills, ch 11
bigger group size, better foraging luck to a point for all animals except chimps from gombe
95
Public information
Based on actions of others, as a cue to change in environmental conditions, reduces environmental uncertainty
96
chickadees from colorado and alaska
colarado chickadees were rich and alaska chickadees were poor in resources. alaska chicakdees cached seeds more and were better at foraging
97
birth weight = _______ correlated w foraging
positively
98
pigeons, ch 11
fastest learning to pierce red paper covering seed box happened in pigeons doing observational learning, then local enhancement, then no model
99
types of antipredatory behav
avoiding detection
- blending in
- being quiet
- safe habitats
avoid death
- fleeing
- approaching predator to gain info
- faking death
- signaling to predator
- fighting back
100
gulf toadfish ch 12
toadfish whistle during breeding season which dolphins listen to -> males reduced calls by 50% when dolphin pops played and cortisol increased
101
tree cavity and other cavity nesters
tc was ancestral and oc evolved bc of competeition for tcs or predation on eggs --> oc nesters have less predation
102
sticklebacks, ch 12
benthic pop angled more obliquely than marine fish. eda gene caused variation in shoaling behav
103
gazelles, ch 12
bigger group size = more likely for cheetah to walk away when inspected
104
_______ correlation between flying away or faking death. basically beetles that faked death for a long time would be _____ flyers
negative, shitty
105
faking death = ____ dopamine
more
106
bombardier beetles _____ their predators
spray
107
squirrels, ch 12
Squirrels had small chunk of cookie close to safe area and big chunk of cookie farther. The big cookie represents a greater handling time. Small chunk was favoured in absence of predation. Big chunk must be brought to safety and favoured when predation was present.
108
pika clip
- do warning calls to tell each other that the patches are taken
- they dont go far from the rocks bc there r eagles
- stacks floweres several feet thicc to survive the winter
- leaves r really poisonous bc it stays fresh till midwinter
109
animals decide what to eat based on
encounter rate , energy content/calories, handling time
110
crown eagle video clip
- hunts vervet monkeys in east africa
- predator-prey arms race where monkeys stay away from exposed tree tops so the eagles fly among trees, so the monkeys have special alarm call and try to drop to dense bushes
111
adding weights to starlings resulted in 5 predictions:
1. adding weights decreases ascent angle
2. starlings on diet (skinnier) have higher ascent angles
3. +ve correlation between time to ascend vertical height and nat body mass
4. starlings in aviaries r fatter
5. wild great tits have more fat in years w no predators
112
bateman's principle
females r choosier bc eggs use up resources and reprod success limited by number of eggs
113
cichlid fish, ch 7
when a female fish's mate won, theres more egr-1 gene expression linked to reprod
when a female's mate lost, more gene expression in LS brain area = anxiety
114
epigametic sexual characteristics
-plays role in attracting mates, that isnt physical genitalia
115
human impacts on mate choice
increased hybridization
sexual imprinting on the wrong species
116
female sticklebacks prefer males w ________ MHC alleles
more
117
sensory exploitation
when a male trait first emerges, it is preferred by females b/c it elicits a neurobiological response that's already in place but not (yet) associated w/ mating preference
118
frogs, ch 7
females of same species prefer when males do a chuck bc their inner ear sensitive to low freq sounds. this is sensory exploitation
119
exposure to conditioned sexual stimulsu makes male quicker to copulate, make more sperm, compete better against males
ok
120
quails and sexual imprinting, ch 7
adult brown male alrdy imprinted on (and preferred) brown quails, but male was only allowed contact w/ blonde female and could only see the brown female but couldn’t get to her. After learning that the blond female allowed a mating opportunity and brown didn’t, the learning overrode the imprinting when the male was allowed to choose between the two
121
oxytocin
mate-choice copying facilitation in mice
122
black grouse and leks, ch 7
males take up territories within the lek/arena and display for the females, males that had mated were likely to mate again.
older females mated ~3 days earlier than younger females, suggesting mate-choice copying among younger females
-tested by putting fake females (stuffed models) at males nest before the real females
123
amphibians and insects can cockblock each other during sex type ok
ok
124
elephant seals, ch 7
-in some cases, females incite male-male competition to increase their odds of mating w/ the "best" male. many females are defended by one dominant male in a harem, females show protesting behaviour when mounted by other males. Most of the protested mounts get broken up by dominant male, increasing female's chance of mating w/ dominant male
125
bigger harem size = _____ male size compared to females
bigger
126
cuckoldry in bluegill sunfish
parental males build nests, protect eggs, and are territorial
-sneaker males are smaller and less aggressive, they hide near parental male nests and swim into their territory to shed their sperm on the parental male's eggs, takes <10 secs.
satellite males look like females, gets between parental male and another (actual) female, and releases its sperm
127
insects sperm transfer without female-male interaction
male drops spermatophore for female to choose
--> prefer quality over quantity spermatophores
128
operational sex ratio
of males ready to mate/# females ready to mate
129
western grebe clip
- no sexual dimorphism
- mutual assessment of partners thru dance and food exchange
- they first copy each other’s movements
- and exchange samples of material they’ll use to make their nest
- shared parental care
130
lek cock of the rock video clip
- when female arrives the males flops down to their patch of grass and then they have to persuade her to sit next to them by bouncin
- a peck on the neck says “im urs”
- then they fuck and she goes and raises kids
131
bison clip
- rut: annually recurring sexual excitment in some male mammals
- males smell pussy to assess receptivity
most male-male interactions involve only mutual assessment, not many lead to fighting
132
common loon
males control good portion of lake → 25% of all territorial evictions in male common loons r fatal for displaced loon
133
kokopu fish
have dom hierarchy which influences access to food
134
animals raised in captivity may show higher aggression
ok
135
War of attrition model
settled by displays of aggression rather than actual fighting
-individuals can choose to display aggression for any duration of time, but displaying has energy cost
-used when there are no other clear cues of strength, such as size or territory
x amt of time prob = (2/V)e-2x/v
136
dungflies, ch 15
males wait at poop patches for women to come lay eggs, they compete by staying at patches for 4 min (optimal amt of time)
137
Sequential assessment
-analyzes fights when individuals continually assess each other through a serious of bouts
-the more bouts = accurate
-start w/ least dangerous behaviour and gradually increase
-more evenly matched opponents go further
138
copperhead snakes, ch 15
10 winners and 10 losers were taken and put against a same-sized opponent that had no prior experience.
-found prior losers were more likely to lose again
Follow-up: Would the two-time losers win against snakes 10% smaller?
-sadly, no they still lost
139
next to last aggessive interaction affects probability of winning/losing -> win-win fish more likely to win than loss-win fish
ok
140
chimps, ch 15
victims scream longer and more intense during aggression when audience present of equal or higher hierarchy to aggressor -> get suppport from them
PNB 2XC3
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