1
Q
animal
A
organism that feeds on organic matter, usually has specialized sense organs and nervous sys, able to respond rapidly to stimuli
2
Q
uses of animal behav research
A
- entertainment
- protection of endangered species
- model sys for human
- pest control
3
Q
most studied animals in animal behav
A
c. elegans/nematodes, fruit flies, mice
4
Q
critical thinking
A
exercising thru judgement or observation and analysis
5
Q
ele of analytic thinking
A
- assumptions
- data
- facts
- exp
- concepts and theories
- conclusions
- implications and consequences
acronym: aimee doesn’t fucking eat clementines, conches or iguanas
6
Q
intellectual standards
A
- clarity: can i understand it
- accuracy: is it right
- precision: can it be more specific/exact
- relevance: is it related to the issue
- depth: complexities and interrelationships
- breadth: many povs
- logic: does it follow from evi/make sense
- significance: is it important
- fairness: conflict of interest/biases?
7
Q
acupuncture and intellectual standards
A
everything except accuracy and logic
8
Q
acupuncture and ele of analytic thinknig
A
everything except data/facts/exp and concepts and theories
9
Q
scientific method
A
- observation
- hypothesis formation
- testable predictions
- tests of prediction w exp
- use critical thinking and follow intellectual standards
10
Q
blind exp
A
- person who collects data doesnt know subject’s assignment to treatments
- subject can be any species
11
Q
double-blind exp
A
- both data collector and subject dont know subject’s assignment to treatment
- sometimes ppl can guess
- relevant to humans only
12
Q
Proximate analysis
A
Operate within the lifetime of an organism, rather than inferring/testing, neurobiology, endocrinology, molecular genetics, variation available for NS to act on
13
Q
Ultimate analysis
A
what evolutionary forces have operated in the past, how they are operating now, or how such evolutionary forces might operate in the future
14
Q
endocrine sys
A
comms network w ductless glands that release hormones into bloodstream in vertebrates or in fluid surrounding tissue in invertebrates
15
Q
protein hormones
A
most vertebrate hormones r these, made of amino acids and can be stored in endocrine cells long-term, soluble in water and blood and dont need carrier chems to travel thru blood
16
Q
peptide hormones
A
protein hormone made of small # of amino acids
17
Q
neurohormones
A
neurons directly release these into blood
18
Q
steroid hormones
A
longer time between when stimulus is sensed and when hormone is released, cant be stored in cells
- fat-soluble and need chemical carrier
19
Q
hyposecretion
A
less secretion than normal
20
Q
hypersecretion
A
too much secretion
21
Q
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis/HPA axis
A
activation leads to behavioural changes
22
Q
hormone-receptor complex
A
receptor/lock, which is activated when correct hormone/key reaches it and binds to the receptor
23
Q
hypothalamus starting process of fight/flight response
A
- adrenal glands and cns nerves release epinephrine/adrenaline
- epinephrine binds to smooth muscle receptors around blood vessels to dilate/constrict them
- epinephrine binds to heart and lung receptors to increase activity
- increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine increases blood sugar and oxygen which is delivered quickly to vital organs
- nonessential systems shut down temproarily
- hypothalamus releases cortopin-releasing hormone/crh, growth hormone-releasing hormone/ghrh, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone/trh
24
Q
cortopin-releasing hormone/CRH
A
stims anterior pituitary to increase ACTH production → stims adrenals to release cortisol
25
aldosterone
also released by adrenal gland which increases water retention and reduces bleeding
26
2M male mouse
male surrounded by two males = more aggressive, more horny, took less time to cum, had more kids, more deadbeat
27
2F male mouse
male surrounded by two females = less aggressive, less horny, took longer to cum, had less kids, better dads
28
2M female gerbil
female gerbils surrounded by 2 males w higher testosterone and less estradiol, attract less guys bc they’re more aggressive, have less kids, have kids later than other females
29
sexually dimorphic
males and females show diff activity patterns in this brain area
30
vasopressin and oxytocin
produced in hypothalamus and sent to brain regions or to pituitary for release, deal w reprod and parental care in mammals
31
homologs
hormones that share same evolutionary history
32
polygynous mating
males mate w many females during breeding season and males are deadbeat and asocial towards mates
33
juvenile hormone III/JH III
hormone associated w more foraging behav in honeybees, made in corpus allatum
34
octopamine
neurohormone linked to more foraging activity found in invertebrates, homologous w noradrenaline in vertebrates
35
type I male plainfin midshipman fish
build nests, 4x bigger than type II males, higher dick to body size ratio, make sounds in behavioural contexts
- make short grunts when being aggro w other males
- make long humming sounds when courting females
- stays on nest after mate lays eggs
- higher levels of 11 KT in plasma and testes
36
type II males
- smaller, lower dick to body size ratio
- low levels of glucocorticoids = more male sound production during breeding szn
37
glucocorticoids
- corticosteroids involved in metabolising carbs, proteins, fats
- e.g. cortisol
38
ecotourism
joint partnership between private business and conservation biologists to promote travel to places that r at risk and to raise money for conservation
39
field endocrinology
measuring hormone levels in natural populations
40
neuroethology
neurobiology and endocrinology and evolution and animal behaviour
41
innervate
to stimulate
42
effector
smth that takes action after neurons r stimulated to fire
43
mushroom bodies/corpora pedunculata
cluster of neurons near brain’s front dealing w memory
44
orientation flight
forager bees turning back towards nest and hovering up and down for a few min → orients foragers to relative position of their nest in enviro
45
arginine vasotocin/avt
inhibits activity in circuits associated w sound prod in type I males but not in type II males
46
isotocin/IT
inhibits activity in circuits associated w sound prod in type II males but not in type I males
47
unihemispheric sleep
sleeping w one eye/one hemi awake
animal puts the hemi active during sleep into slow wave sleep
48
slow wave sleep
allows quick response to predator but doesnt affect sleepign half of brain till danger is here
49
major components of behav
- feeding
- fleeing predators
- fighting
- sex
- sleep
- social interaction
50
animal life history process
1. survival
2. growth
3. reprod
4. aging
51
essential behaviours to ensure survival and growth
1. feeding acquiring nutrients necessary for survival, tissue maintenance an d repair, energy expense on two essential behavs and growth
2. predator avoidance
3. reproduction
4. aggression (isnt necessary in theory but is common in most species)
52
non-random mortality
fastest and strongest r more likely to survive
53
tinbergen’s types of questions
acronym: dmse
development, mehcanism, survival value, evol history
54
development
how does behav change as organism develops and how does dev variation affect behav later
55
mechanism
what stimuli cause behav and what neurobio/hormonal changes happen
56
survival value
how does behav affect survival and reprod
57
evol history
how does behav vary bc of evol history/phylogeny and when did a behav first appear in the evol timeline of the species
58
textbook’s def of behaviour
coordinated responses of organisms to internal/external stim
- distinction between organism and organ rxns
- e.g. sweating is an organ’s response, but moving to shade in response to sweating is organism behav
59
3 foundations of animal behav
1. nat select
2. individual learning
3. cultural transmission `
60
cultural transmission
when animals learn thru social learning from other animals
61
scavenging dilemma
new type of food can be unexpectedly nutritious or dangerous for rats → rat cant tell at first bc theres no association between the odor of this food and its freshness
62
information-center hypothesis
foragers learn abt location and identity of food from other foragers that recently came back from a foraging sesh
63
conceptual approaches
integrating uncoonnected ideas and combining them cohesively
64
direct fitness
of viable offspring an indiv makes + effects that the indiv might have on its grand-offspring
65
indirect fitness
reprod success of indiv’s genetic relatives (not including its offspring or descendents of offspring) due to the indiv’s behav → indirectly gets copies of indiv’s genes into next generation
66
inclusive fitness
sum of indirect + direct fitness
67
theoretical approaches
using math models
68
empirical approaches
observational or experimental studies
69
observational work
getting data on what animals doe sans manipulation of variables → make hypothesis based on that → look for correlation between 2 variables
70
experimental work
examines causality and involves manipulation of variables
71
what mechanisms change otehr biological traits (anatomical, morphological, physiological) ? `
1. evolution
2. phenotypic plasticity: experienced-based adaptation
3. growth and aging
72
learning
ability to acquire new internal rep of new info → use it to determine other behav
73
indiv vs social learning
- social learning lets info spread faster of a newly learned behav → transfer of that behav between generations
- social learning can have dramatic effects on populations
74
artificial selection
human selecting traits they like and tryna breed those
75
heritability
contribution of genes to phenotype
76
domestication syndrome
domesticated species share common traits → mottled colour, floppy ears, curly tails, more juvenile
77
allele
1 of 2+ alternative forms of a gene that codes for a trait
78
prerequisites of nat select
1. variation in trait
2. fitness consequences
3. mode of inheritance
79
genetic variation
behav variation correlated w gene differences
80
mutation
change in gene structure that makes new variation
81
addition point mutation
single nucleotide added to dna
82
deletion point mutation
single nucleotide removed from dna
83
base mutation
a base in nucleotide replaces another
84
silent mutation
base mutations that dont change which amino acids r made
85
genetic recombination
when chromosome pairs cross over and sections on chromosomes change places w each other in sexually reproducing organisms → new gene variation
86
migration
indivs coming from other populatin introduces new trait variants
87
reprod success
mean # of reproductively viable kids someone makes
88
narrow-sense heritability
measures proprotion of variance in a trait bc of additive genetic variance
89
truncation selection
1. measure approach score of each indiv when it reaches 12 months
1. find mean value x₀
2. truncate/cut off pop level variation in approach scores → let only indivs w scores greater than a certain value to breed
1. calculate mean approach score of indivs allowed to breed → x₁
2. calculate selection differential: diff between x₁ and x₀ → S
- max amount we can expect nat selection to change scores if all variation was genetic
3. raise offspring made by gen 1 birds in same conditions as their parents till theyre 12 months old and measure their approach scores
1. find mean value x₂
2. response to selection: diff between x₂ and x₀ → R
- measures how much truncation selection changed scores across gen 1 and 2
3. heritability: R/S
- this value tells proportion of all variance in scores is bc of genetic variance
90
parent-offspring regression
lowkey idk figure this out
91
cross-fostering experiment
switching babies from certain nests to others
92
selfish gene approach
genes that determine behav r units that nat selection acts upon and nat select favours alleles that increase reprod success of the animal they’re in → this will increase their frequency
93
adaptation
traits that nat select molds to match organism to enviro
94
eusociality
1. indivs in certain ranks reprod and others dont
2. overlapping generations
3. communal care of babies
95
homology
trait shared by 2+ species bc they have common ancestor. want to be included in phylogenetic trees
96
homoplasy/analogy
trait shared by 2+ species bc nat select acted independently on each species. dont want to be included in phylogenetic trees
97
convergent evol
leads to production of analogous traits
98
polarity
direction of historical change in trait
99
parsimony analysis
phylogenetic tree w least # of evol changes is most likely correct → occam’s razor
100
what parts of brain r involved w memory consolidation?
amygala, neocortex, hippocampus
101
states of parental care in animals
- no parental care
- paternal care
- biparental care
- maternal care
102
stepping stone model
no parents → dad → two parents → mom only bc dad left
this is WRONG
103
gonopodial thrusting
male approaches female from behind and just puts his thing in her
104
plastic response
body responds plastically by trying to adapt
105
quantitative trait loci/qtl
genes that control polygenic traits
106
marker
smth u can observe on phenotype
107
for gene
forager gene that is more freq in forager bees
108
measures of variation
- variance σ²
- higher = indivs r more diff
- standard deviation SD
- standard error s or SE
109
normal curve
68% within +- 1σ
96% within +- 2σ
110
genetic variance
avg amt of variance among genotypes
111
enviro variance
avg amount of variance amoong indvis within same genotype
112
phenotypic variance
genetic variance + enviro variance
113
broad sense heritability
VG / (VG + VE)
114
narrow sense heritability
VA / VP -> proportion of phenotypic variance caused by additive genetic variance = slope of regression line -> y = bx
115
VA/additive genetic variance/additive effects of alleles
- responsible for deg of similarity between parents and kids
- depends on btoh magnitude of additive effects of allelse and allele freq
116
R = response to selection
change in mean character state of one gen bc of selection in previous gen
117
S = slection differential
diff between mean trait of selected parents and pop mean -> S = zs - z
118
hamilton’s rule
action should be done more if benefit b received by donor’s relatives, weighed by their relatedness r to the donor, exceeds the direct fitness cost c to the donor = rb > c
119
test of relatedness using dna fingerprinting
analyzes polymorphic regions of dna by specific cutting and separation w gel electrophoresis
120
gel electrophoresis
migration of particles and distance is based on their electric charge
121
PNB 2XC3
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