FINAL EXAM

Question 1

HEALTH PROMOTION

Answer 1

• helps people maintain or enhance their presence health
• motivates people to engage in healthy regime i.e.. exercising, good nutrition, to reach a more stable level of health

Question 2

chronic illness

Answer 2

• A pt. and their family’s subjective experience of & response to a chronic disease

Question 3

health disparities

Answer 3

• Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and burden of diseases

Affect population groups based on age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual orientation, disability

Occurs when a group has a higher incidence than another

• Ethnicity, race and culture
• Geographic location
• Income
• Education
• Occupation
• Health literacy
• Gender
• Age

Question 4

Healthy people 2020

Answer 4

• A framework that increases its focus on health promotion, and disease precention
• leading health indicators which are high priority health issues
• Hrt. disease
• stroke
• HIV
• injury and prevention
• LGBTQ+ health
• mental health
• oral health
• older adult health
• physical activity promotion
• cancer
• diabetes
• MORE

Question 5

Primary Health Promotion

Answer 5

• promotes prevention and health before a person is diagnosed with any diseases
• prevention of disease and injuries

Examples
* immunization clinic
* family planning services
* providing poision control information
* accident prevention education
* promoting exercise

Empasis on EDUCATION and prevention

Question 6

secondary health promotion

Answer 6

• focuses on screening for early detection
• identifies a illness and interventions to reverse or reduce severity or provide a cure
• assessment for children for normal growth and development

Examples

• annual health screenings and exams
• dental appointments for teeth cleaning and clavity checks
• blood pressure screening event in the community
• vision exams

Question 7

Tertiary prevention

Answer 7

• beings after a diagnosis
• aims at providing rehab with the goal of reducing disability for pt.

Examples
* PT
* OT
* rehab
* surgical trtment
* support groups
* therapy
* job therapy

Question 8

maslows hierachy of needs

Answer 8

1. Physiological needs
   * food, water, warmth and rest
2. security needs
   * security and saftey
3. belongingness and love needs
   * intimate relationships and friends
4. self-actualization
   * self-esteem and feeling of accomplishment
5. self-actualization
   * Acheiving one’s full potential

Question 9

Prochaska’s Theory of needs
(stages of preparation)

Answer 9

Pre-contemplation

• The cons outweigh the pro’s… the person needs to do more research before they’re willing to make a change

Contemplation

• Person starts thinking about making a change, but is not quite there yet. Usually they’ll consider making a change within the next 6 months.

Preparation

• Person is making small lifestyle changes in their life

Action

• Person is actually stopping the habit & is taking measures. Previous habits become barriers to change

Maintenance

• Person is consistent & integrates lifestyle changes

Relapse

• Person falls back into habit

Question 10

Dimension of Health

Answer 10

• nurses are pt’s adovates
• nurses must understand pt’s view of health care

Question 11

peplaus’s theory

Answer 11

orientation phase
* Problem–> nurse + pt 1st interaction
* services needed

identification phase
* chooses the most appropriate assessment

• the pt begins to have a sense of belonging

Exploration phase
* nursing implementation

Resolution phase
* Termination of professional relationship between pt and healthcare worker

• Evaluation phase

Question 12

health belief model

Answer 12

• What people perceive and believe to be true about themselves regarding health
• Explains why certain people take measures to prevent/ treat diseases or illnesses

*People will change if they believe that the benefits outweighs the risks

Question 13

health promotion model

Answer 13

• How people interact with the environment to pursue health
• Individual experiences, beliefs, knowledge, nd characteristics MOTIVATE health promoting behavior
  Increased well-being

Outcome→ behavior that is health related, which is directed towards attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the lifespan

• environmental influence and self-efficacy= likelihood of change
• Value expectancy: the idea that a person has a behavior that is rational and economical

Question 14

EMIC DIMENSION

Answer 14

• Subjective view from individual or group experiences of health
• Patient values opinions of self/group

Question 15

EMIT DIMENSION

Answer 15

• Objective view from a healthcare professional
• Pt values opinions of docs, nurses and trained health care providers
• Outsider approach

Question 16

Dynamics of therapeutic relationships

Answer 16

• trust= belief that others are capable of assisting in times of distress and will do as too
• empathy= ability to walk a mile in another persons shoes
• autonomy= ability to direct and control ones activities and destiny
• caring= energy that allows caregivers to unconditionally accept all people even wen they are most unlovable
• hope= expectation of achieving a future good

Question 17

Goals of a therapeutic relationship

Answer 17

• Directed energy between 2 people
• Mvm of pt towards constructive ways of thinking and effective ways of coping

Question 18

TRANSFERENCE

Answer 18

TRANSFERRING FEELINGS ABOUT A PERSON TO ANOTHER UNRELATED PERSON

Question 19

COUNTERTRANSFERNCE

Answer 19

TRANSFERRING OF NURSES FEELINGS ONTO THE CLIENT

Question 20

COMMUNICATING WITH THE HEARING IMPAIRED

Answer 20

• Speak very distinctly
• Do not shout
• Speak slowly
• Get the person’s attention
• Maintain a good distance (2 1/2 to 4 feet)
• Watch for nonverbal feedback
• Use short sentences
• Paraphrase for clarification
• Sign language

Question 21

COMMUNICATING WITH PT WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

Answer 21

• Braille-prepared computers
• Ensure well-lit, glare-free examination rooms
• Avoid loud noises and unexpected movement
• Use large type and clear handwriting
• Use large pictures and videos
• Dysphasic: objects, spelling boards, computers

Question 22

Communicating with Children

Answer 22

• Approach at eye level
• —Use a calm, friendly voice
• —Keep parent in the room when possible
• —Use short sentences
• —Give simple explanations and demonstrations
• —Allow child to handle equipment
• —Use toys and play
• —Offer choices when they exist
• —Allow children to express fears

Question 23

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Answer 23

• Interpersonal communication is a complex process
• Communication occurs when one person sends a message and another person receives it, processes it, and indicates that the message has been interpreted
• Continual circular process between the sender and receiver
• Can be either verbal or nonverbal
• Used to gather, analyze, and interpret information to accomplish work

Question 24

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

Answer 24

NUTRITION IS LESS THAN BODY REQIURES
* Documented inadequate caloric intake
* Dry, brittle, hair or excessive hair loss
* Hyperactive bowel sounds
* Loss of subcutaneous tissue
* Loss of weight or without adequate caloric intake
* Mental irritability or confusion
* Muscle weakness and tenderness, poor tone
* Pale, dry skin

GOAL:
-Patient shows no signs of malnutrition.
- Patient takes an adequate amount of calories or nutrients.

Question 25

LAB TESTS FOR NUTRITION

Answer 25

* Albumin: visceral protein status (useful for long-term monitoring) 3.5-5 g/dL * Prealbumin: visceral protein status (useful for short- term monitoring) 20-50 mg/dL * Lymphocyte count: immune function; > 1500 cells/mm * Transferrin: iron status (protein for iron absorption and transport); 30-40% * Hematocrit (HCT): % of blood that is composed of RBCs (low level may mean deficiencies in iron, Vit. B12 and folic acid) * Urine Specific Gravity: fluid deficit or excess; 1.010-1.020

Question 26

OBESITY

Answer 26

**Primary obesity** * Excess caloric intake for body’s metabolic demands **Secondary obesity** * Chromosomal and congenital anomalies * Metabolic problems * CNS lesions and disorders * Drugs (corticosteroids, antipsychotics)

Question 27

waist circumference

Answer 27

* people with visceral fat with android obesity are at an increased risk or cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome * men >40" * women > 35'

Question 28

health problems and obesity

Answer 28

* increased mortality rate * reduced quality of life

Question 29

weight loss interventions for the obsese

Answer 29

**Behavior Modification** – Stimulus control; Non-food rewards **Support Groups** – Weight Watchers; Take off pounds sensibly (TOPS) **Drug Therapy** – Appetite suppressants **Bariatric Surgery** – Gastric Banding; Gastric Sleeve

Question 30

inactivity and immobility effects

Answer 30

* Slows the basal metabolic rate * Gastrointestinal (GI) motility * Delays gastric emptying **Manifested as:** * Anorexia * Constipation * Increased storage of fat and carbohydrates * Negative nitrogen balance

Question 31

physical assessment for mobility

Answer 31

* General ease of movement and gait * Alignment * Joint structure and function * Muscle mass, tone, and strength * Endurance * Resources

Question 32

inactivity and immobility: GU effects

Answer 32

*Kidney and bladder function diminishes* * Urinary stasis * Urinary retention * Renal calculi * Urinary tract infection **Dysuria**: pain or burning sensation on voiding * Urgency * Frequency * Fever * Small amount * Reflux of urine (vesicoureteral reflux)

Question 33

immobility and the skin

Answer 33

**Pressure ulcer** * Lesion caused by unrelieved pressure * Over bony prominences * Interface pressure **Shear** * Friction injury * Maceration

Question 34

benefits of exercise to cardiovascular system

Answer 34

* Increased efficiency of the heart * Decreased resting heart rate and blood pressure * Increased blood flow to all body parts * Improved venous return * Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots) Cardiovascular Effects Resulting from Inactivity/Immobility: * Deconditioning occurs without exercise; this is a risk for CV disease

Question 35

BMI for children and teens

Answer 35

* less than 5th percentile= underweight * 5th percentile to lessthan the 85th percentile= healthy weight * 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile= overweight * 95th percentile or greater= obese

Question 36

BMI

Answer 36

* underweight= <18.5 * normal=18.5-24.9 * overweight=25-29.9 * obese= 30-34.9 * extremly obese= 35<

Question 37

nursing problem

Answer 37

**Nutrition** - Health-seeking * Need for proper nutrition **Nutrition**: less than body requires * Nutritional deficiencies **Nutrition**: more than body requires * Obesity * Diet high in nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates, or sodium

Question 38

cardiovascular effects resulting from inactivity/ immobility

Answer 38

* Valsalva maneuver * Reflex bradycardia Syncope Heart attack * Orthostatic intolerance Drop in blood pressure for 1 or 2 minutes when client stands (orthostatic or postural hypotension) * Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) * Pulmonary embolism