Final Exam Flashcards by Ash J

This refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes.

Relative Advantage

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This refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters.

Compatibility

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This refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use.

Complexity

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This refers to the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis.

Trialability

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This refers to the degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others.

Observability

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Venturesome describes this adopter category which represents the first 2.5% of adopters.

Innovators

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Respectable describes this adopter category which represents the second set of adopters taking us to 13.5% of an innovations diffusion through a normal bell curve.

Early Adopters

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Once we get to 50% of the diffusion of an innovation these three categories have embraced the innovation.

Innovators, Early Adopters and Early Majority

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The second to last adoption category is describes as Skeptical. They represent 34% of adopters.

Late Majority

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If you bought your first iPhone today you would be considered a __________. You would be represented in the final 16% of adopters.

Laggard

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Clay Christensen talks about disruption in the US Steel Industry in the assigned video. What disrupted the legacy firms?

Mini Mills

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In the Christensen video, he discusses how low cost steel manufacturing disrupts rebar category. Why did the legacy firms let go of that portion of the business so quickly?

Legacy manufacturers couldn’t make money at the low end of their product line.

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Over time the Mini Mill disruptors took over the entire steel business. Does Christensen indicate this is normal for a disruptive innovation?

Yes. Christensen indicated that this phenomenon happens in industry after industry.

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Christensen talks about the disruption of Japanese vehicles into America. What segment of the population did the Japanese focus on when they first started selling cars in the US.

consumers who had never been able to afford a car.

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In the Christensen video, Clay talks about the start of Toyota, Kia and Honda. He says they all started with:

Domestic capital in their domestic market

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In the Christensen video, Clay discusses how disruption begins at the low end of the legacy product lines and eventually moves into the more profitable products by this time all the “disruptors” were focused on _________ innovations

sustaining

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In the Christensen video, Clay tells the same story over and over again for different industries and products. He explains that the disruptor moves upstream eventually taking over all the business of the legacy company/industry. The analysts in the legacy company examine the value that the disruption brings to the firm where “revenue is unaffected and profits improved.”

Christensen calls this __________

The pursuit of profit

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When we examine the readings holistically, we can surmise that the adoption category most likely to exhibit Status Quo bias would be:

Laggards

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What is the overriding emotion in status quo bias?

Fear

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In Polites and Karahanna:

______________ is defined here as attachment to, and persistence of, existing behavioral patterns (some of which are habituated) even if there were better alternatives and incentives to change

Inertia

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This is the process of extracting useful insights and patterns from massive amounts of data using advanced analytical techniques.

Big data analytics

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This refers to the delivery of computing resources (such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics) over the internet.

Cloud Computing

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AWS, Azure, GCP, IBM Cloud, Hadoop and Oracle Cloud are all examples of

Cloud Computing platforms

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This enables secure and transparent transaction recording using a decentralized, distributed
ledger system.

Blockchain technology

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What did Coca Cola enable through Service Cloud by giving call center employees a 360 view of their customers.

Team based Selling

What does Coca Cola use to send real-time messages to customers about the status of their equipment and services?

Cloud Computing, SaaS, IOT

In the Phillips video, the CIO describes this as the potential to connect to customers on a 1-1 level on the scale of 100Million

IOT (Internet of Things)

What does the Phillips CIO say is the new currency of business?

Speed

The Phillips CIO says that IOT has changed the role of this into; part of an ecosystem that allows for a healthier lifestyle.

Toothbrush

What industry does Wortman compare to enterprise software development?

Automobiles, Textiles, Utilities

CODP stands for?

Customer Order Decoupling Point

This created dynamic business networks to provide value in the most efficient way. Because many of the components can be made at lower cost at outside the OEM using economies of scale.

Outsourcing of non-core activities up or down the supply chain

What was an example of the servitization of capital goods?

Cloud Computing, The photocopying industry starting to lease rather than sell their machines, and SaaS

Automotive craft production in the 1880s was compared to WHAT in the 1970s?

Bespoke software development

What is an example of servitization in the software industry?

SaaS, Cloud Computing, Microsoft Azure

What does Chae call the diminishing return of IT (you spend more money on IT but do not get a corresponding improvement to the business?

The Productivity Paradox

What term does Chae use for replacing human labor by automating business processes.

Automate

What term does Chae use for; providing data and information to empower management and employees.

Informate Up/Down

What term does Chae use for when information technology fundamentally changes business, industry processes and relationships?

Transform

What company coined the term The Internet of Everything?

Cisco

If the key benefit is Data driven policy development and improved outcomes. The AI application is:

Data Analysis for policy insights

If the key benefit is real-time public sentiment analysis for policy adjustment. The AI application is:

Public opinion analysis

If the key benefit is Enhanced decision-making through trend forecasting. The AI application is:

Predictive analytics for decision-making

If the key benefit is Streamlined services and cost reduction. The AI application is:

Automation in public services

The “black box” nature of AI has been a concern in decision-making processes. AI models should be designed to be __________________. Business users should be able to understand how AI reaches its conclusions, providing a sense of trust and accountability.

Explainable and Transparent

The importance of ensuring fairness and upholding ethical guidelines cannot be overstated. _________________ can arise when AI systems are not developed and used responsibly.

Bias, discrimination, and ethical dilemmas

Healthcare decision support uses: AI models assist in disease diagnosis and personalized treatment planning, improving patient care. The Type of AI model used for this application is:

Supervised

AI in Autonomous vehicles use what type of learning

Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement Learning

This type of AI trains machines through trial and error to take the best action by establishing a reward system. Reinforcement learning can train models to play games, or train autonomous vehicles to drive, by telling the machine when it made the right decisions, which helps it learn over time what actions it should take.

Reinforcement machine learning

This type of AI program looks for patterns in unlabeled data. It can find patterns or trends that people aren’t explicitly looking for. For example, an unsupervised machine-learning program can look through online sales data and identify different types of clients making purchases.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

This type of AI trains machines through trial and error to take the best action by establishing a reward system. It can train models to play games, or train autonomous vehicles to drive, by telling the machine when it made the right decisions, which helps it learn over time what actions it should take

Reinforcement Machine Learning

Generative AI uses:

Unsupervised Machine Learning, Supervised Machine Learning, and Reinforcement Machine Learning

This is a decision-making tool you use to evaluate and compare multiple alternatives or options based on a set of criteria. It gives you a systematic approach to make informed decisions by quantifying and ranking different options. The method was developed by a British engineer and design theorist. This method is a valuable tool in fields such as engineering, product design, and business management.

The Pugh Matrix

This decision making tool gives you a systematic approach to making choices or decisions based on a set of criteria. It provides a structured way to evaluate different options and their potential outcomes, helping you select the most suitable course of action. It consists of nodes and branches, where nodes represent decisions or choices, and branches represent possible outcomes or consequences.

A Decision Tree

This relies on gut feelings and personal experiences. It is often used when quick decisions are required or when information is incomplete.

Intuitive decision-making

This model recognizes that in real-life scenarios, decision-makers often operate with limited information and cognitive constraints. They make decisions that are “good enough” rather than seeking the optimal choice.

Bounded rationality model

This model assumes that individuals make logical and consistent decisions by weighing all possible alternatives and selecting the one with the highest utility. Rationality is the cornerstone of this model, and it seeks to make the optimal choice.

Rational decision-making model

Why is ethical questioning important in decision-making with AI?

It helps explore and navigate the moral dimensions of choices

These questions subtly influence the respondent's perspective, often steering them toward a specific answer or viewpoint.

Leading questions

This type of question seek further clarification or additional details, and help you delve deeper into a topic or issue. This type of question usually comes up after initial understanding of the topic.

Probing questions

Typically answerable with specific numerical answers or a simple “yes” or “no”, “Blue.”, or “The Great Fire of London”. These questions are useful for gathering specific, quantifiable data. They are often used in multiple-choice tests or surveys, especially when computers are used to process the test or survey.

Closed-ended questions

These questions encourage thoughtful and detailed responses, allowing respondents to express their viewpoints more fully. Use this type of question when you need detailed explanations behind the concept.

Open-ended questions

Bill Gates mentions many advantages of AI throughout the video. This is Bill's biggest motivation for pursuing AI. What is it?

Reducing scarcity

Bill Gates mentions this category of worker that is most vulnerable to the advances of AI. What is it?

White collar workers

How many parameters are there in ChatGPT 4? How many parameters are there in the human brain?

1 trillion and 100 trillion

In her lecture, Dr. Lapata uses a tree as an example of how building parameters improves the capabilities of ChatGPT4. At approximately what level of parameters can ChatGPT begin to be able to provide joke explanations. (Note: Joke Explanations are visible for a while as the "tree" expands. At what point do you first see it emerge)

220 Billion

Based on our course readings, which of the following could be found in the Metaverse?

Humanoids

Are Digital Twins a component of the Metaverse?

Yes

In the context of this course what does CIS stand for?

Connected Intelligence Systems

Which of the following is an example of a virtual universe?

Roblox

A "Parallel Experience" represent the intersection of __________ and ___________ worlds.

digital and virtual

Which of the following is more likely to have a one-way communication with the physical world?

Virtual world

Pokemon Go is a good example of which kind of Immersive Technology?

Augmented reality

Lenovo Explorer is an example of _______________.

Mixed reality

The AirPano Website focuses on ________________.

Real world places via 360 views

Immersive Technologies are a growing area, and ___________ will accommodate future and yet to be discovered realities.

According to Dr. Ghose, which companies were "full stack" (Hardware, Operating System and applications) Quantum Computing computing contributors in 2020 ( That was the year the video was made.)

Google, IBM and Bell Labs

Google QC team said the future applications for QC are:

Drug Discovery , Fusion Energy, Fertilization Production, Quantum Machine Learning

How much did Google offer in prize money for the winner of the X-prize for Quantum Computing Real World Impact?

$5 million

Google said Quantum Computers will replace your classical computer.

False; For most applications your classical computer will still be the best choice.

According to all the videos, the biggest issue/challenge with Quantum computers is?

Heat generated by the computer, Computational errors, and Expense of building and maintaining the system

Quantum Computers are already better than Supercomputers.

False; Quantum Computers have very little application currently.

What was the number one use that Shohini mentioned for Quantum computing?

Security. Quantum "uncertainty" could create unbreakable security keys.

This refers to any quantum computation that provides reliable, accurate solutions to problems that are beyond the reach of brute force classical computing

Quantum Utility

This refers to a hypothetical quantum computer capable of outperforming all classical supercomputer methods for some problem, even approximate methods.

Quantum advantage

These ________ are special systems that act like subatomic particles made of atoms, superconducting electric circuits or other systems that data in a set of amplitudes applied to both 0 and 1, rather than just two states (0 or 1).

Qubits

Who published one of the first practical real-world applications for a quantum machine. This algorithm for integer factorization demonstrated how a quantum mechanical computer could potentially break the most advanced cryptography systems of the time—some of which are still used today. The findings demonstrated a viable application for quantum systems, with dramatic implications for not just cybersecurity, but many other fields.

Peter Shor

These are individual light particles used to send quantum information across long distances through optical fiber cables and are currently being used in quantum communication and quantum cryptography.

Photons

__________________________ made from superconducting materials operating at extremely low temperatures, these qubits are favored for their speed in performing computations and fine-tuned control.

Superconducting qubits

These are small semiconductors that capture a single electron and use it as a qubit, offering promising potential for scalability and compatibility with existing semiconductor technology.

Quantum dots

This is the phenomenon in which entangled quantum states can interact and produce more and less likely probabilities. This is an environment of entangled qubits placed into a state of collective superposition structures information in a way that looks like waves, with amplitudes associated with each outcome. These amplitudes become the probabilities of the outcomes of a measurement of the system. These waves can build on each other when many of them peak at a particular outcome, or cancel each other out when peaks and troughs interact. Amplifying a probability or canceling out others are both forms of this.

Interference

This is the state in which a quantum particle or system can represent not just one possibility, but a combination of multiple possibilities. A qubit itself isn't very useful. But it can place the quantum information it holds into a state of ____________, which represents a combination of all possible configurations of the qubit. Groups of qubits in _____________ can create complex, multidimensional computational spaces. Complex problems can be represented in new ways in these spaces. This ___________ of qubits gives quantum computers their inherent parallelism, allowing them to process many inputs simultaneously.

Superposition

This is the process in which multiple quantum particles become correlated more strongly than regular probability allows. _____________ is the ability of qubits to correlate their state with other qubits. ___________ systems are so intrinsically linked that when quantum processors measure a single ____________ qubit, they can immediately determine information about other qubits in the ___________ system.

Entanglement, entangled

What use case(s) did Dr. Ghose mention in her presentation for Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics?

Security, Drug Development, and Teleportation

How long has Quantum Mechanics been around?

Forever, it is how nature works

What example(s) did Erik give for quantum mechanics in our everyday life?

- How light interacts with matter - How birds use the earth magnetic field to migrate - How plants turn sunlight into food - Fluorescence to photosynthesis

Google Co-founder, Eric Schmidt describes himself as a Techno-Pessimist.

False

Dr. Geoffrey Hinton, former Google head of AI research, in the MIT Technology Review's EmTech Digital video would be considered a Techno-Optimist.

False

What is the name of the process that Geoffrey Hinton discussion in the AI video where one adjusts the weights of a neural network by analyzing the error rate from the previous iteration?

Back Propagation

In the David Sandel Michael B Jordan discussion, Professor Sandel asks Michael B Jordan if he could use AI to cast Sidney Poitier in one of his films, would he do it? Michael B Jordan says he would.

False

The epitome of human judgement is defined in the Eric Schmidt et al. Ethics and the Future of AI video as _________________.

Statesmanship

Why did Eric Schmidt conclude that the EU would not be the innovators in AI?

Regulation is their first priority

In what year did Eric Schmidt say that China documents indicate China would dominate the AI field?

2030

Eric Schmidt talks about the AI conundrum that AI ethicists face. He says that undoubtedly AI will improve things like: Drug Discovery Health Population Planning Business Planning He refers to these as the bubble of goodness.

True

Eric Schmidt talks about his opinion on the worst possible use of AI. It is

Launch on Warning Weapon Systems

Final Exam Flashcards

(105 cards)