1
Q
what is psychology
A
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
what is a biopsychosocial approach
A
a framework stating that no single factor explains behavior, but human behavior and mental processes are shaped by and interaction of:
biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences
3
Q
what is asked from a neuroscience perspective
A
what is happening in the brain and body that causes this behavior
- which brain areas activate during anxiety
- how does serotonin affect mood
4
Q
what is asked from an evolutionary perspective
A
how did natural selection shape this behavior
- why are humans afraid of snakes but not outlets
- why is parental investment different between sexes
5
Q
what is asked from a behavioral genetics perspective
A
what portion of this behavior is due to genes vs environment
- are intelligence differences inherited
- are some mental disorders more heritable
6
Q
what is asked from a psychodynamic perspective
A
how to unconscious drives and childhood experiences shape behavior
- how do unresolved childhood conflicts influence adult personality
- why do we use defense mechanisms
7
Q
what is asked from a behavioral perspective
A
what learned associations or reinforcements shape this behavior
- how do rewards increase good study habits
- why does someone develop a phobia after a traumatic event
8
Q
what is asked from a cognitive perspective
A
how do thoughts, memories, and expectations influence behavior
- why do depressed people have negative thinking patterns
- how do memory strategies affect studying
9
Q
what is asked from a social-cultural perspective
A
how do culture, social groups, and environment influence behavior
- why do some cultures display emotions publicly while others don’t
- why does conformity vary across societies
10
Q
what are psychology’s subfields
A
biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, clinical, counseling
11
Q
what is biological psychology
A
links between biology and behavior
brain structures, neurotransmitters, genetics
12
Q
what is developmental psychology
A
studies how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally across the lifespan
13
Q
what is cognitive psychology
A
studies mental processes
memory, decision-making, problem-solving, language, learning
14
Q
what is personality psychology
A
studies consistent traits, patterns of thinking, characteristic behaviors
15
Q
what is social psychology
A
studies how people influence each other
conformity, obedience, prejudice, bystander effect
16
Q
what is clinical psychology
A
diagnosing and treating mental disorders
17
Q
what is counseling psychology
A
helping people cope with everyday stressors, relationship issues, adjustment
18
Q
what is a theory
A
a broad explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behavior
19
Q
what is a hypothesis
A
a testable prediction derived from a theory
20
Q
what is the main advantage of experiments
A
they are the only research method that can determine causal relationships
21
Q
what are the two essential characteristics of experiments
A
manipulation, random assignment
22
Q
what is manipulation (control of variables)
A
researcher manipulates the independent variable to see its effects on the dependent variable
23
Q
what is random assignment
A
participants randomly assigned to experimental or control groups
24
Q
why is random assignment important
A
it ensures groups are statistically equivalent at the start, strengthens causal conclusions
25
what does random assignment reduce
confounding variables, preexisting differences, bias
26
what is the purpose of correlational design/research
to determine whether two variables are related and predict one another
27
what are positive correlations
as one increases, the other increases
28
what are negative correlations
as one increases, the other decreases
29
what does correlation tell us about causation
it only tells us that the variables move together
it does not tell us:
- which variable causes the other
- whether a third variable is responsible
30
what is a neuron
a specialized cell that sends and receives information through electrical and chemical signals
31
what are the parts of a neuron
dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals, synaptic gap
32
what are dendrites
branchlike structures that receive signals from other neurons
they bring information into the cell body
more dendrites = more communication ability
33
what is the cell body (soma)
contains the nucleus
coordinates the neurons basic life functions
integrates incoming signals
34
what is an axon
long, single fiber that sends electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons/muscles/glands
can be extremely long (spinal chord --> toes)
35
what is the myelin sheath
fatty layer wrapping the axon
speeds up neural transmission
made by glial cells
degeneration --> multiple sclerosis
36
what are axon terminals (terminal buttons)
end of axon
releases neurotransmitters into the synapse
37
what is the synaptic gap (synapse)
tiny space between neurons where chemical communication occurs
38
what is an action potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
39
when does action potential happen
when the neuron reaches its threshold (enough stimulation)
40
what is the all-or-none response
action potentials don't vary in strength, they fire or they don't
41
what are the components of the synapse
presynaptic neuron ending (axon terminal), synaptic gap, postsynaptic neuron (dendrite)
42
what is reuptake
after neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, the sending neuron reabsorbs the leftover neurotransmitters
- helps reset the synapse
43
what are neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry signals across the synapse
44
what are the roles of the common neurtotransmitters
serotonin: mood, appetite, sleep
dopamine: reward, movement
acetylcholine (ACh): muscle movement, memory
norepinephrine: alertness, arousal
GABA: major inhibitory NT
glutamate: major excitatory NT
45
how does an impulse travel from one neuron to another
1. electrical signal (action potential) travels down axon
2. reaches terminal --> triggers release of NTs
3. NTs cross the synaptic gap
4. bind to receptor sites on dendrites
5. if threshold, next neuron fires
6. excess NTs are cleared through:
- reuptake
- diffusion
- breakdown by enzymes
46
when is neural communication electrical or chemical
electrical inside the neuron
chemical between neurons
47
what are the subdivisions of the nervous system
central nervous system CNS
peripheral nervous system PNS
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
48
what is the CNS
brain + spinal chord
body's command center
49
what is the PNS
everything outside the CNS, connects the body to the brain
50
what is the somatic nervous system
voluntary muscle control, controls skeletal muscles
51
what is the autonomic nervous system
involuntary functions like heart rate or digestion
52
what is the sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
activates body during stress
(increases heart rate, dialates pupils, releases adrenaline, slows digestion, sweats, tenses muscles)
53
what is the parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
returns body to homeostasis
(slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, constricts pupils, conserves energy)
54
what is the function of the brainstem
life-support functions
medulla: controls heartbeat and breathing
reticular formation: controls arousal and alertness, filters incoming sensory information
thalamus: brain's sensory switchboard, sends all sensory information (except smell) to appropriate areas
55
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordination, balance, smooth movement, procedural/implicit learning
56
what is the function of the limbic system
emotion and memory
amygdala: fear + aggression, emotional memory
hippocampus: forms new memories, moves short-term --> long term memory
hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, body temp + sexual behavior, reward pathway, controls pituitary gland
57
what is the function of the cerebral cortex
higher-level thinking
frontal lobe: decision making, planning, judgement, personality, motor cortex (volutnary movement), broca's area (speech production)
parietal lobe: sensory cortex (touch, pressure, temp), spatial reasoning, body awareness
temporal lobe: hearing (auditory cortex), understanding language (wernicke's area), memory
occipital lobe: vision
58
what is the motor cortex
located in frontal lobe
controls voluntary movement, organized by body region
59
what is the somatosensory (sensory) cortex
located in parietal lobe
processes touch sensations
60
how are the motor and sensory cortices organized
as maps of the body
61
what is the corpus callosum
thick band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres
62
what happens when corpus callosum is severed
hemispheres cannot communicate
right visual field --> left hemisphere --> can verbalize
left visual field --> right hemisphere --> can draw
63
what do twin studies do
compare identical and fraternal twins to predict a trait's heritability
64
what psychological traits pose genes are more important than environment
intelligence, personality traits, temperament, risk of disorders
65
how do genes and the environment interact
genes influence how sensitive you are to your environment, and your environment influences which genes get expressed
we seek environments that support genetics
66
what is the evolutionary psychology view of how people came to be as they are today
behavior and psychological traits exist because they helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
67
what is consciousness
our awareness of ourselves, our thoughts, and our environment
68
what is the conscious high track
you are aware of what you're doing, requires attention and effort
69
what is the unconscious low track
occurs without awareness, shaped by habit and practice
70
what is selective attention
the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out others
71
what is inattentional blindness
failing to notice something that is clearly visible because attention is elsewhere
72
what is the gorilla study
basketballs and missed gorilla
73
what is change blindness
failing to notice a change in the environment
74
what is the door study
person asks for direction and changes behind door without being noticed
75
what is circadian rhythm
internal 24-hour biological clock
76
what does circadian rhythm regulate
body temperature, hormone release, sleep-wake cycle, alertness level, hunger and digestion
77
what are sleep stages
NREM1: light sleep, hypnagogic sensations, easily awakened
NREM2: sleep spindles, heart rate and body temp drop, still easy to wake
NREM3: deep sleep, hard to wake, growth hormone released, important for physical recovery
REM: vivid dreaming, brain active, body paralyzed
78
what are sleep cycles
90 minute cycles
as night progresses, NREM-3 decreases, REM gets longer
4-6 cycles per night
79
what is REM
rapid eye movement sleep featuring:
most dreaming, active brain, paralyzed body, increased hear rate and breathing, emotional regulation and memory consolidation
80
what is an addiction
compulsive drug seeking/use, loss of control, continued use despite consequences
81
what is tolerance
needing increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect
82
what is withdrawal
physical and psychological symptoms when the drug is removed
83
what are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
84
what is the sensorimotor stage (0-2)
experience the world through senses and actions
touching, grasping, mouthing
no mental representations in early stage
object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight)
stranger anxiety, beginning of goal-directed behavior
85
what is the preoperational stage (2-6)
use of symbols, language, and pretend play
egocentrism (difficulty taking another perspective), lack of conservation (pour water in taller glass), concentration (focus on one aspect of situation), animism (non-living objects have feelings)
86
what is the concrete operational stage (7-11)
begin using logical reasoning about concrete things, understand cause/effect
conservation development, decentration (focus on multiple aspects), reversibility (actions can be reversed), classification and seriation (sort objects in categories, order objects by size)
87
what is the formal operational stage (12+)
abstract thinking, imagine possibilities, systematic reasoning (scientific thinking), moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated
88
what is egocentrism in reference to child cognitive development
inability to understand another's POV
- a child nods while talking on the phone
- a child chooses a gift they want for another
89
what is theory of mind (4-5)
understanding that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and perspectives
90
what is attachment
deep emotional bond between child and caregiver
91
what do harlow's monkey studies reveal
monkeys clinged to cloth mother even when she provided no food, shows attachment is about comfort, warmth, and emotional security (rather than nourishment)
92
what are kholberg's stages of moral development
preconventional morality (before 9), conventional morality (early adolescence), postconventional morality (adulthood)
93
what is preconventional morality
focused on self-interest
1. obedience and punishment (avoid punishment)
2. self-interest and rewards (decisions based on reward)
94
what is conventional morality
focused on social approval and law/order
3. interpersonal relationships (conformity)
4. authority and social order (following rules in society)
95
what is postconventional morality
reasoning based on abstract principles
5. social contract (laws are flexible and for greater good)
6. universal ethical principles (morality based on internal principles like justice or human rights), rarely reached
96
what are erikson's psychosocial stages
trust vs mistrust (0-1: babies learn whether the world is safe and trustworthy)
autonomy vs shame (1-3: toddlers learn interdependence, overcontrol --> shame)
initiative vs guilt (3-6: children begin taking initiative, criticism --> guilt)
industry vs inferiority (6-12: children learn competence, skills, abilities, success = industry, failure = inferiority)
identity vs role confusion (12-18: explore sense of self, successful resolution --> strong identity, failure --> confusion)
intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood: forming close relationships and emotional bonds, success --> intimacy, failure --> isolation)
generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood: contributing to society, success --> purpose + productivity, failure --> lack of meaning)
integrity vs despair (late adulthood: reflection on life, satisfaction --> integrity, regret --> despair)
97
what is sensation
the process of detecting psychical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals
bottom-up (starts with senses)
example: light hitting eyes
98
what is perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so the brain can understand it
top-down (shaped by expectations, experience, culture)
example: recognizing bff's face
99
what is an absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulation required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
everything below: subliminal (not consciously detected)
100
what do the parts of the eye do
cornea (clear outer layer): protects the eye, begins focusing light
pupil (adjustable opening): lets light in
iris (colored muscle): controls pupil size, expands in darkness, contracts in light
lens: focuses incoming light onto the retina, changes shape (flattens for far objects, rounds for near ones)
retina (light-sensitive inner surface): contains receptor cells (rods + cones), converts light to neural signals
fovea (central point of retina): contains only cones, responsible for sharp, clear vision
optic nerve: carries neural signals from retina to brain, creates blind spot (no receptors)
101
what do rods and cones do
rods: black/white/night vision
cones: color/detail/daylight
102
what five tastes have unique receptors
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
103
what is kinesthesis
body position sense
awareness of the position and movement of your body parts
receptors in muscles, tendons, joints
104
what is vestibular sense
balance and head movement
located in the inner ear, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs detect motion and gravity
helps keep balance and coordinate movement
105
what is gestalt
emphasizes that humans perceive wholes rather than parts
figure-ground: distinguishing object from background
grouping: brain organizes stimuli into coherent groups
106
what is a perceptual set
a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive (expectations, prior experience, culture, context)
all shape how we interpret sensory input
107
what are context effects
context can change perception
ex: tall person looks short next to basketball players, sounds seem louder at night
108
what is associative learning
when the brain links two events together so that one predicts the other
classical conditioning (stimulation), operant conditioning (behavior/punishments)
109
what is pavlov's classic dog study
dogs salivated in response to bell that signaled food
discovered: the brain forms predictions, learning can occur without conscious thought, behaviors can be elicited through associations
110
what method with pavlov's dog study use
dogs salivating when given food: unconditioned response (UR) triggered by unconditioned stimulus (US)
111
how does classical conditioning work
US: unconditioned stimulus
- naturally triggers response
UR: unconditioned response
- natural response to US
NS: neural stimulus
- stimulus that initially produces no response
CS: conditioned stimulus
- previously NS that now triggers response
CR: conditioned response
- learned response to CS
112
a child hears thunder after lightning and eventually becomes scared whenever they see lighting alone.
what is the US, UR, NS --> CS, and CR
US: thunder
UR: fear
NS --> CS: lightning
CR: fear
113
what is the classical conditioning process
extinction: CR weakens when CS is repeatedly presented alone
generalization: stimuli similar to CS also trigger CR
discrimination: ability to distinguish between CS and similar stimuli
114
what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical: associates two behaviors
operant: associates behavior with consequences
115
what is shaping
gradually guiding behavior toward a desired goal by reinforcing successive approximations
116
what is a reinforcer
anything that increased the likelihood that a behavior will occur again
117
what is positive reinforcement
adding something pleasant --> behavior increases
(giving a treat for sitting, getting paid for working, praise after answering correctly)
118
what is negative reinforcement
removing something unpleasant --> behavior increases
(taking painkillers, putting on a seatbelt to stop beeping, leaving early to avoid traffic)
not punishment
119
what is punishment
anything that decreases behavior
positive punishment: adding unpleasant
negative punishment: removing pleasant
suppresses behavior temporarily, reinforcement teaches replacement behavior
120
what is observational learning (social learning)
learning by watching others rather than direct experience
modeling, imitation
121
what is recognition
identifying information when you see it again
122
what is recall
retrieving information without cues
123
what is relearning
learning information faster the second time
124
what are the three measures of memory
recognition, recall, relearning
125
what is encoding
transforming information into a form that the brain can store
126
what is storage
maintaining information over time
127
what is retrieval
accessing stored information and bringing it into the consciousness
128
what is the atkinson-shiffrin model
sensory memory (instant recording of sensory information) --> short-term memory (temporary holding space) --> long-term memory (permanent, limitless storage)
129
what is the modern take on information processing
short-term memory --> working memory + automatic processing
active, conscious processing of information used for problem-solving and reasoning
130
what is rehearsal
repetition boosts memory, moving material into long-term memory
maintenance rehearsal: repeating over and over
elaborative rehearsal: connecting new info to existing knowledge
131
what is chunking
organizing information into meaningful units
increases working memory capacity
132
what are hierarchies
organizing information into categories and subcategories
improves encoding and retrieval
133
what is iconic memory (visual)
0.2-0.3 seconds
very large capacity
allows us to see continuous motion in movies
134
what is echoic memory (auditory)
3-4 seconds
explains why you can say what? and remember
- the sound is still stored briefly
135
what is working memory
short-term active processing, 20 seconds 7 item capacity
136
what is implicit memory
unconscious, automatic memory
skills, classical conditioning, procedural memory
processed in: cerebellum and basal ganglia
137
what is explicit memory
conscious memory for facts and experiences
semantic: facts, general knowledge
episodic: personal events, experiences
processed in: hippocampus and frontal lobes
138
what are retrieval cues
hints that help you access memories
(smells, emotions, context)
139
what is priming
activation of associations in memory without conscious awareness
(seeing yellow --> thinking of a banana, hearing "rabbit" spelling hare vs hair)
140
what are the three causes of forgetting
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
141
what is encoding failure
the information never entered long-term memory
142
what is storage decay
memory fades overtime if not used
143
what is retrieval failure
the memory is stored but cannot be accessed
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, if given a hint --> memory returns
144
what are concepts
mental groupings of similar objects, people, events, ideas that allow us to simplify thinking
145
what is trial and error
trying different solutions until one works
146
what are algorithms
a systemic, logical rule that guarantees a solution
147
what are heuristics
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
148
what is insight
a sudden aha realization of a problem's solution
149
what is a confirmation bias
the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence
150
what is fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
151
what is functional fixedness
seeing objects as only having their traditional use
152
what is the representativeness heuristic
judging likelihood based on how well something matches a prototype
153
what is the availability heuristic
judging likelihood based on how easily an example comes to mind
availability != actual frequency
154
what is a critical period
optimal window early in life where language learning occurs naturally and quickly (brain is highly plastic)
155
what is spearman's g
general intelligence: a single underlying intelligence that influences all cognitive activities
156
what do twin and adoption studies reveal about IQ
identical twins raised together: almost same IQ
identical twins raised apart: very similar IQ
fraternal twins: less similar
adoptive siblings: little to no IQ similarity
reveals: IQ is highly heritable, environment still matters (less)
157
what is motivation
a need or desire that energizes behavior toward a goal
158
what is the order of the needs on maslow's hierarchy
physiological --> safety --> love/belonging --> esteem --> self-actualization
importance: lower needs must be met first before higher ones can occur
159
what is need for achievement
a psychological motive involving desire to accomplish goals, striving for excellence, persisting
160
what is high vs low nAch
high: choose moderately challenging tasks
low: choose very easy or very difficult tasks
161
what is a weight set point
stable weight the body defends
162
how is metabolism adjusted in relation to the set point
metabolism slows when calorie intake drops, and speeds when calorie intake rises
metabolism adjusts to defend set point
163
what is the James-Lange theory
emotion follows bodily arousal
stimulus --> physiological response --> emotion
164
what is the Connon-Bard theory
emotion and arousal occur at the same time
stimulus --> brain processes --> physiological response + emotion
165
what is the Schatcher-Singer two-factor theory
emotion = arousal + cognitive label
experience + interpretation --> emotion
166
what is zajonc's high road
slow pathway
emotional stimulus --> thalamus --> cortex --> amygdala
involves conscious thought and evaluation before emotion
167
what is zajonc's low road
fast pathway
emotional stimulus --> thalamus --> amygdala
produces immediate, automatic emotional reactions, responsible for gut reactions
involves emotion before conscious thought
168
what is seyle's general adaptation syndrome
alarm --> resistance --> exhaustion
alarm: immediate reaction to stressor
resistance: body attempts to cope with stress
exhaustion: body's resources run out
169
what are type A vs B personalities
A: competitive, urgent, easily angered, impatient, aggressive, hostility (more prone to heart disease)
B: laid-back, relaxed, easygoing, less reactive to stress
170
what is perceived control
belief that you can influence or manage stressors
higher PC --> lower stress
lower PC --> higher stress
171
what is the rat study
executive rat (control): had control to stop shocks
subordinate rat (no control): developed ulcers due to stress
172
what is an internal locus of control
belief you can control your outcomes
173
what is an external locus of control
belief outside forces can control your outcomes
174
what is the adaptation-level phenomenon
we judge experiences relative to a natural baseline created by past experiences
yesterdays luxuries --> today's norm
explains why happiness from new possessions fades over time
175
what is relative deprivation
we feel worse when we compare ourselves to those who seem better off
176
what are situational attributions
explaining behavior based on the situation
177
what are dispositional attributions
explaining behavior based on traits or personality
178
what is fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational ones when explaining someone else's behavior
for ourselves: successes --> dispositional, failures --> situational
179
what is cognitive dissonance
the discomfort caused by inconsistency with actions and attitudes
180
what did festinger and carlsmith reveal about cognitive dissonance
we change attitudes to match actions when external justification is low
181
what is conformity
adjusting behavior to match a group
normative: to fit in/avoid rejection
informational: people know better
182
what is milgram's obedience study
65% delivered highest shocks
shows people obey authority even when it violates personal ethics
183
what is social facilitation
we perform better on simply tasks when people are around and worse on difficult tasks when people are around
184
what is social loafing
exerting less effort in social situations because responsibility is diffused
185
what is deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations
186
what are ingroups and outgroups
ingroups: own group
outgroups: others
187
what is ingroup bias
favoring one's own group
188
what are the major contributions to attraction
proximity: closeness boosts liking
- mere-exposure effect: repeated exposure increases liking
physical attractiveness: attractive = better
similarity: people like others who share attitudes, values, interests, backgrounds
189
what is the bystander effect
the more people around, the less likely an individual is to help
190
what do personality psychologists do
focus on characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving + how these patterns are consistent across situations
191
what is the psychoanalytic perspective
unconscious conflict, childhood focus
192
what is the unconscious mind (freud)
thoughts/feelings outside awareness that shape behavior
193
what are the structures of the mind (freud)
id: impulses
ego: reality
superego: morals
194
what are freud's psychosexual stages of development
oral --> anal --> phallic --> latency --> genital
195
what is the phallic stage + identification
phallic stage: oedipus/electra complex
- desire for opposite-sex parent, rivalry with same-sex parent
- mostly boys
identification: resolution of oedipus/electra complex via identification with same-sex parent
196
what are the 6 defense mechanisms
repression: pushing unacceptable thoughts into the unconscious
regression: retreating to younger, safer stage
projection: attributing own unacceptable impulses to others
reaction formation: acting opposite of tru feelings
rationalization: creating self-justifying excuses for behavior
displacement: redirecting impulses to a safer target
197
what is jung's notion of the collective unconscious and archetypes
collective unconscious: inherited, universal memory system containing archetypes (universal symbols/images)
198
what is the humanistic perspective
focuses on growth, free will, potential, self-actualization
199
what is self-actualization
reaching one's fullest potential
200
what is unconditional positive regard (rogers)
acceptance without judgement (active listening)
importance: developing self-awareness and self-actualization development
201
what is the trait perspective
focuses on traits (enduring behavior patterns)
202
what is a trait
stable, measurable characteristics that predict behavior
enduring behavior patterns
203
what are the big five personality factors
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
O: imaginative, curious, creative (low: practical)
C: organized, careful, disciplined (low: careless)
E: social, fun-loving, energetic (low: reserved)
A: trusting, helpful, kind (low: suspicious)
N: emotional instability, anxiety (low: calm)
204
how was OCEAN derived
statistically (factor analysis)
205
what do we know about the universality and stability of OCEAN
OCEAN = stable and universal
206
what is the social-cognitive perspective
personality is an interaction between behavior, thoughts, and environment --> reciprocal determinism
207
how can persons and environments interact to produce personality
reciprocal influences
personality influences social group influences behaviors shape your environment
208
what is an individualist and collectivist culture
individualist: self = independent, personal goals
collectivist: self = interdependent, group goals, harmony
209
what is a psychological disorder
clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, and behavior
210
what criteria determines behavior as disordered
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
211
what is the DSM
classifies and defines mental disorders for guidance with diagnosis and clinical therapy
212
describe the main anxiety disorders and symptoms
GAD: constant worry
- chronic excessive worry even when nothing is wrong
panic disorder: unexpected panic attacks and fear of returning attacks
- avoid situations where escape might be difficult
phobias: irrational fears of objects that don't line up with actual danger
OCD: obsessions + compulsions
- intrusive, unwanted thoughts that cause anxiety + compulsions that temporarily reduce anxiety
PTSD: triggered by traumatic event
- intrusive flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance
213
what are symptoms of MDD
sadness, loss of interest, appetite changes, sleep changes, helplessness/worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, suicidal thoughts
214
what are symptoms of bipolar disorder
alternating depression + mania
215
what are the different attributions made by depressed people
global: "everything sucks"
stable: "this will never change"
internal: "this is all my fault"
216
what is the viscous cycle depressed people fall into
negative thinking --> negative feeling --> negative mood --> withdrawal --> less reward --> deeper depression
217
what is schizophrenia
severe disorder involving distorted thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors
218
what are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, inappropriate emotions
negative: flat affect, reduced speech, catatonia (motor instability no motion vs excessive or purposeless motion)
219
what is anorexia vs bulimia
anorexia: starvation, underweight, fear of gaining weight
bulimia: binge + purge
220
what is a personality disorder
chronic, inflexible patterns of behavior that impair functioning
221
what is antisocial personality disorder
lack of empathy, deceit, manipulation, aggressiveness
222
what is DID
two or more distinct identities, memory gaps between them, differences in speech + mannerisms + gender + age between them
223
what is psychoanalysis
bring unconscious conflicts into awareness
224
what is free association
saying whatever comes to mind without censorship
225
what is resistance
blocking anxiety
226
what is transference
redirecting feelings onto therapist
227
what are behavioral therapies
focuses on observable behavior over thoughts: problems are learned behaviors
directed toward changing behavior
best for: phobias, OCD, anxiety, addictions
228
what are examples of behavioral therapies
exposure therapies (facing fear), systematic desensitization (gradual exposure while relaxed), aversive conditioning (pairing unwanted behavior with unpleasant stimuli)
229
what is cognitive therapy
focuses on thoughts: problems stem from distorted thinking
directed toward changing thinking
best for: depression, anxiety, PTSD, ED
230
what is beck's depression therapy
challenges negative thinking
231
what is cognitive behavior therapy
combines cognitive + behavioral techniques
directed toward changing thoughts and behavior
best for: depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, ED
232
what are anti-psychotics
treat schizophrenia
block dopamine receptors
233
what are anti-anxiety drugs
treat anxiety
enhance GABA, reduce CNS activity
234
what are SSRIs
treat depression and anxiety
block serotonin reuptake
235
what are lithium carbonates
treat bipolar disorder
stabilizes mood
PSY 101
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