1
Q
What structure in females are testicles analogous to?
A
ovaries
2
Q
What are the two functions of testicles?
A
- produce sperm
- produce testosterone (and some other hormones)
3
Q
What structure in the testicles produce and store immature sperm
A
seminiferous tubules
4
Q
Why are testicles on the outside of the body?
A
sperm has to be outside of the body because it needs to be lower than body temperature
5
Q
What happens when a male only has one working testicle?
A
- if they are born with only one testicle, the other will produce twice as much sperm
- if they gets testicular cancer in one testicle, the other will increase its productivity
6
Q
What are cremaster muscles?
A
muscles that encase the testicles
7
Q
What is the function of cremaster muscles?
A
temperature regulators for sperm
8
Q
When do cremaster muscles contract to pull testicles up towards the body? (3)
A
- when it is very cold outside
- when getting ready for ejaculation during sexual arousal – so sperm does not have to travel as far
- when you have high levels of adrenaline (ie. fight or flight response, extreme sports) – want testicles as close to the body as possible to avoid injury
9
Q
When do cremaster muscles relax to let testicles go away from the body? (1)
A
- usually occurs when men have a fever
10
Q
How much ejaculate?
A
3-5 mL
11
Q
How many sperm are in each ejaculate?
A
200-500 million
12
Q
How many sperm in an ejaculate is considered a low sperm count, and how many is considered infertile?
A
- low sperm count: less than 40 million
- infertile: 15 million
13
Q
Why does each ejaculate have so many sperm?
A
- only a few sperm in each ejaculate are destined to unite with the egg
- vaginal and uterine environment is inhabitable for sperm
14
Q
What is ejaculate composed of?
A
- sperm (1-5%)
- fluid from seminal vesicles (70%)
- fluid from prostate (30%)
15
Q
Describe the path that sperm takes when leaving the body.
A
- immature sperm produced in seminiferous tubules
- mature in epididymis
- upon ejaculation, travel up vas deferens
- through prostate gland
- exit body through urethra
16
Q
What is peyronies disease?
A
scar tissue (sometimes), calcium deposits, or fibrous tissues (most common) builds up in spongy tissue and creates a blockage
17
Q
What are the two most common symptoms of peyronies disease?
A
- painful erection
- penis curvature – but note that 10% of men have naturally curving penises
18
Q
What are the treatments for peyronies disease?
A
- calcium deposit – same as kidney stone treatment (laser break down)
- fibrous tissue – needs to be removed (not necessarily cancer, like breast lumps in women)
19
Q
What is priapism?
A
having a painful, undesired erection that lasts for hours that will not go away no matter what you do
20
Q
What are the causes of priapism? (4)
A
- wrong dose of erectile dysfunction medication (most common) – mostly used to treat a circulatory disorder
- antidepressants
- antipsychotics
- antihypertensives – high blood pressure can cause blood to pool in one place
21
Q
What might happen to spongy tissue due to priapism?
A
spongy tissue gets stretched out and damaged such that it no longer has elasticity to hold or release blood
- therefore cannot have an erection the next day because tissue is damaged
22
Q
What happens if priapism is untreated?
A
can end up with permanent erectile dysfunction
- ED medications will no longer help because the issue is not about circulation – it is due to tissue damage
23
Q
What structure in males is the clitoral glans analogous to?
A
penile glans
- they come from the same mass of tissue
24
Q
Why is the clitoris way more sensitive than the penis?
A
both have the same number of nerve endings, BUT clitoral glans is way smaller than the penile glans – there are more nerve endings in a much more densely concentrated space, therefore it is more sensitive
25
Describe the sensitivity of the clitoris and penis in relation to rigorous stimulation.
- for men to get aroused and reach orgasm, need to rigorously stimulate penis
- for women, rigorous stimulation can be painful, tickling, or numbing
26
What structure in males is analogous to the vagina?
none
27
What is the purpose of the vagina? (2)
- have a baby (vaginal delivery)
- allow menstrual blood to leave the body
28
How long is the vagina?
about the same length as an erect penis (8-13 cm)
- this is a good match from a reproductive standpoint
29
Describe the tissue that lines the vagina.
very similar to tissue that lines the mouth:
- very sensitive
- very thin
- tears easily
30
Where are the nerve endings located in the vagina?
lots of nerve endings at the opening of the vagina, but not a lot inside on the tissue that lines the vagina
31
Describe the angled position of the vagina.
- towards the back
- opening faces the ground
32
Describe the structure of the vagina.
like a balloon – vaginal opening has tight circular muscles that do not open much, but the inside of the vagina can open up rather large
- not like a hollow tube (in diagrams)
33
Describe the secretions of the vagina.
- naturally have it all the time
- keeps bacteria out of the body
- vagina is a self-cleaning structure
34
What is amenorrhea?
not menstruating
35
What is primary amenorrhea?
female of menstrual age never starts period
36
What is secondary amenorrhea?
woman of menstruating age had period, but no longer does
37
What is needed for periods to start?
need enough estrogen (and body fat)
- body starts producing estrogen when there is enough of a certain protein from fat
- no estrogen → no ovulation → no menstruation
- could have endocrine disorder (hormones) – have enough fat, but not producing enough estrogen
- could have eating disorder (or be too thin) – not enough fat, therefore cannot produce enough estrogen
38
What can delay menstruation?
extreme stress
- body notices instability and knows not to get pregnant
- stops ovulation
39
Why is it bad for the female body to not be regularly menstruating?
- need estrogen to maintain bone density
- high risk for osteoporosis when older
40
What is endometriosis?
endometrial lining grows in other places
- each successive month during period, different areas start cramping and pinching – purpose of cramps is to get uterine lining to shed
41
Who is most susceptible to endometriosis?
young women who have not had a baby
42
What is the treatment for endometriosis? (2)
- hormone-based contraceptives – no ovulation, therefore uterine lining does not build-up and not much tissue to escape to other areas
- have a baby – changes uterine lining, sometimes ‘cures it’ (does not return)
43
Is endometriosis a recurring issue?
yes – can return after surgical removal if you keep menstruating
44
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus
- 1 in 600 pregnancies
- sometimes the embryo knows and cells dissipate before you even know you are pregnant
45
What is the most common ectopic pregnancy?
stops and does not travel anywhere (stays in fallopian tube)
- not sustainable
- need to surgically remove fertilized egg, which damages the egg
46
What is an abdominal pregnancy?
very rare form of ectopic pregnancy
- 1 in 100 ectopic pregnancies
- fertilized egg
- need to surgically remove baby
- many have developmental problems, but some are ‘normal’
- sometimes body does not know you have a developing embryo, therefore can get pregnant again
47
Do people have negative attitudes mainly about STBBIs or the people who get diagnosed with them?
people who get diagnosed with them
48
What are the negative attitudes people have about people who get diagnosed with STBBIs?
believe that the only people who get them are immoral, sleep around, and deserve it
- usually religious and see it as a punishment for having loose morals
- this attitude can act as a defense mechanism – believe they will not get STBBIs if they are not someone who has multiple sexual partners, sleeps around, and has no sexual morals
- false sense of security – can still be at risk if only sleeping with one person (ie. mouth to genital herpes)
49
Describe people who have negative attitudes about STBBIs. (4)
- terrible decision-makers
- way less likely to have conversations with their partner about sexual history and sexual risk – assume that neither one of them are ‘dirty’ enough to have an STBBI, and if one partner brings it up, the other may get mad for not ‘trusting’ them (see it as an attack)
- less likely to use a condom (even though it's the best way to prevent transmission of STBBIs)
- usually do not get tested – act in complete denial, may ignore symptoms and continue to have sex with others
50
Why are women who have sex with men (WSM) at higher risk for STBBIs than their male partners? (2)
vaginal tissue is very sensitive
- tears easily and exposes to blood-borne infection (enters blood through tears) – ie. hepatitis, HIV
STBBIs can be transmitted when male ejaculates and is not using condom
- if man has STBBIs, the woman is exposed to it for hours because ejaculatory fluid stays inside the woman’s body
- if woman has STBBIs, the man is only exposed to it during the period they are having intercourse
51
What are the 5 progestin-only methods of contraception?
- mini pill (oral contraceptive)
- depo provera (the injection)
- nexplanon (the implant)
- intrauterine device (IUD)
- emergency contraception (plan B)
52
Is it possible to ovulate when using progestin-only methods of contraception?
yes
53
What is the mini pill (oral contraceptive) method?
- ovulation and therefore fertilization might occur
- but implantation will NOT occur – high level of progestin in the body changes uterine environment such that fertilized egg will not implant
- for women who cannot tolerate synthetic estrogen (the hormone that often makes them sick)
54
What is the depo provera (the injection) method?
- protection for 3 months
- fairly high level of hormones – usually only used for one year due to side effects (ie. spot bleeding or bleeding), cannot undo an injection
55
What is the nexplanon (the implant) method?
- lasts up to 5 years
- usually implanted in fatty part of arm
- most effective method – impossible to have user error
56
What is the intrauterine device (IUD) method?
- variety of types that last for different lengths of time
- slow release of hormones over time
- sits inside the uterus – usually cannot feel it, but could rotate and sometimes fall out
- not as popular in Canada (4th most common method)
- more often suggested for women who have delivered a baby – easier to insert (less painful)
- very popular with women who think they are done having children, but not ready to have tubes tied or want to deal with pills everyday
57
What is the emergency contraception (plan B) method?
- needs to be used within 72 hours to be effective
- high dose of progestin hormones
- prevents ovulation – if you would be ovulating in the next few days
- if already ovulating, makes it difficult for fertilized egg to implant in uterus (like the other progestin-only methods)
- can make women feel sick
58
What is the female condom?
non-hormonal barrier method – prevents sperm and egg from meeting
- creates barrier over labia – reduce skin on skin contact and STBBIs (ie. from genital warts on labia)
- one open end and one closed end
- pinch ring to insert, which pops around cervix
- has lube
- not as effective as male condoms
59
What are the 6 characteristics of 'that guy'?
hypermasculine and supports male dominance
- believes that men are better than all women
- male-dominanted households
sense of self-importance and entitlement
- lack impulse control – sex and other aspects of their lives
- believe they are entitled to sex
- believe they are more important, smarter, clever than everyone else
objectification of women
- like traditional pornography – see women as sex objects rather than partners/people, therefore do not feel guilty about forcing them to have sex
- tell jokes about women being dumb and subservient
accepts/believes ‘rape myths’
high levels of alcohol use
- higher levels of binge drinking
- drink a lot every weekend – parties, bars
peer acceptance of the above behaviours
- fraternities – male bonding, hypermasculine and male-dominant, drawn to fraternities because they have those characteristics, number of men on university campuses that are accused of sexual assault are more likely to be in fraternities than not
- university/professional sports – characteristics have a tendency to show up in athletic endeavours
- military – people with those characteristics are drawn to the military
- ‘that guy’ hangs out with other ‘that guys’ – congratulate each other on the stuff that they do
60
Statistics About 'That Guy'
on average, when someone is identified/accused of sexually assaulting someone, they have already done it to 6 other people before now getting caught
research studies:
- 1983: (400 male university students) asked if there was a likelihood that they would force a woman to do something if they knew there were not gonna be consequences – 60% said yes
- early 2000s: same experiment – 30% said yes
- 2008: asked if they have ever forced sex with a woman where there was no consent or consent was not clear – 58% said yes
61
Is there hope for 'that guy'?
prevention programs that attempt to help men understand why things are not OK have shown reductions in negative attitudes and their behaviours
62
What are the 5 theoretical explanations for sexual assault?
all of these theories are heteronormative – view sexual assault as occurring between a woman (victim/survivor) and man (perpetrator)
- evolutionary theory
- rapist psychopathology
- victim precipitation theory
- feminist theory
- sociological theory
63
What is the evolutionary theory of sexual assault?
suggests that women and men have differing reproductive strategies that result in men ‘needing’ to have sex to spread their seed, while women need to be selective about their sexual partners in order to protect their eggs
- may be the explanation with the oldest roots
64
What is the rapist psychopathology theory of sexual assault?
suggests that men assault women because of mental illness, uncontrollable urges, or intoxication
- the first suggested explanation
- no substantial evidence for this theory (not surprising)
65
What is the victim precipitation theory of sexual assault?
suggests that there are characteristics about the victim that precipitate the act, making them more vulnerable – “blame the victim” approach
- assaults would be less likely to happen if those characteristics did not exist – ie. the way they act or dress, where they walk (secluded area at night), drinking alcohol
problems with this theory:
- provides a false sense of security to those who do not make themselves vulnerable
- we do not blame victims of other types of crimes, so why this one
- these perceptions/attitudes result in the victims then blaming themselves, and therefore they are less likely to report the crime at all
66
What is the feminist theory of sexual assault?
suggests that sexual assault is just another tool to keep women in their place
- traditional sex roles keep women subservient and men in control – sexual assault is definitely about women being subservient and men being in control
- this is a very simplified perspective of the feminist theory
67
What is the sociological theory of sexual assault?
looks at the power differential in society, and also focuses on traditional sex roles
- however, as societies change and progress, this theory takes into account that as women have become more and more equal to men over the last 40 years, sexual assault may be one of the only ways men can exert power over women
68
What are erogenous zones?
certain areas of the skin that are highly sensitive to touch
- can vary from culture to culture
- can vary from individual to individual
69
What are primary erogenous zones?
very specific areas of the body where there is a dense concentration of nerve endings
- all humans have the same primary erogenous zones because we all have the same nerve endings in the same places (aside from some unusual conditions)
- ie. genitals, buttox, anus, perineum (taint), breasts (especially nipples), inner surface of thighs, armpits, naval (belly button), neck, ears (especially lobes), mouth (including lips, tongue, and oral cavity itself)
- these are not all considered sexual – therefore ‘erogenous zones’ is often misused when specifically referring to sexually-arousing spots on the body
- just because you have an erogenous zone does not mean you will respond sexually when stimulated – ie. all people have sensitive nipples because there is a dense concentration of nerve endings, however not all people respond sexually to nipple stimulation
- we all apply meanings to our erogenous zones, and this meaning is what may or may not lead to a sexual response
70
What are secondary erogenous zones?
part of the body could be sensitive to touch for one person but not another (ie. ticklish feet)
71
What is the common assumption about people with paraphilic sexual behaviours?
assume the individual has a psychological disorder (but this is not the case)
- majority of people find paraphilic sexual behaviour deviant because they do not understand the sexual nature of the activity
72
What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)?
list and description of psychiatric disorders and their symptoms and treatment plans
- used for counselling therapy, psychiatrists, psychologists
73
What is a paraphilic behaviour?
individual is compulsive but does not get distressed – does not bother them that they are doing it
74
What is a paraphilic disorder?
(must have the following characteristics according to DSM)
- someone is physically harmed (either the individual themselves or someone else)
- not consensual
- individual is distressed because they do it – wish they could stop but they cannot because it is compulsive, enjoy it from a sexual standpoint, wish they could be normal and/or feel like everyone else, typically seek help and the DSM comes into play
75
What is erotica?
(Greek root of the word) sexual desire or passionate love
76
What is pornography?
(Greek root of the word) writing about a prostitute or female captive
- clear power differential – one person is using the other for what they want
77
The difference between erotica and pornography is highly subjective. Describe 4 differences.
erotica is more broad – can involve anyone
- pornography is very specific – involves prostitute or female captive
erotica is sexual sharing
- pornography is sexual using/taking
erotica is about the process/journey to orgasms and end results
- pornography is about the outcome, orgasms, ejaculations
erotica pans out to show the big picture of people enjoying each other’s bodies
- pornography is very graphic and shows close-up shots of genitals
78
What does obscene mean?
disgusting to the senses / repulsive / contrary to generally accepted moral standards
- determination of ‘obscene’ is also highly subjective
79
Describe the customers of sex workers who are men.
most customers are also men
- living a heterosexual life but see themselves as bisexual or gay
- not willing to alter their life to be true to their identity
- easier to go to sex worker than gay bar – anonymous with sex workers (no repercussions or attachments), but people you meet at gay bars may want a relationship
80
Describe 3 characteristics of sex workers who are men.
- were not sexually abused as children (girls are more likely to be abused)
- not likely to be teenage runaways – except if they are a sexual minority (gay or trans) and their family rejected them (they look more like female street walker sex workers)
- do not have to deal with power differential like women
81
Describe the differences in the power differential that sex workers who are men experience compared to women.
- male customers of female sex workers see those women as less than – gender roles, toxic masculinity
- no power differential between male customers and male sex workers – see each other more as equals
- no physical power differential between men – female sex workers are often assaulted by customers because they are not big enough to fight back, and men also think they have the right to assault women
+ FMST 316
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Decks in class (3)
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