1
Q
what are the three motives
A
achievement, affiliation and power
2
Q
Kelly and Conley study about 300 engaged couples
A
- followed up in first 5 years, 20 and 50 years
- key outcomes were divorce, satisfaction in marriage
- K surprised that sexual practices measured
- now 50% couples divorced
3
Q
36 Trait Personality Rating Scale downside
A
predicted whether ppl stayed married but no O measured
4
Q
results of couple study, predictors of marital misery
A
- different social factors, life events, religious beliefs and values
- High N and Low C
5
Q
Which men stayed in a miserable marriage?
A
- submissive, low on social dominance, low E high N
- quarrelsome more likely to stay
6
Q
K learned that there is no strong evidence that ppl who are married are not necessarily what
A
happier than if they were not married
7
Q
Divorce is more common among
A
lower SES (social class) couples
8
Q
Organizational psych
A
Work in a personnel office, help in selecting people to work for the company
9
Q
Big 5 personality dimensions and job performance: meta analysis
A
- 150 studies examined validity of personality measures for personnel selection between 1950-1990
- key issues: occupational groups, outcome criteria
10
Q
results from meta analysis
A
- An ideal person for a new hire is high on O and C
- E for select jobs
- E was high for Sales and Managers
- No reliable findings for N and A
11
Q
PPP method
A
- Chose only objective outcomes that do not rely on self-reports.
The outcomes are assessed in similar ways across studies.
They have been assessed in studies that also include measures of SES and Cognitive Abilities
12
Q
K comments on PPP
A
- Powerful evidence for the influence of the Big 5 on life outcomes
- Equal to or stronger than the influence of SES and IQ
- Legitimizes the field of Personality Psychology
- But….
It is only about 1 level of personality – Level 1.
13
Q
what is grit
A
- persistence, determination, and resilience
- having stamina, what stands out
- living life as a marathon
- more likely to graduate
14
Q
Does Teaching Kids to get ‘Gritty’ help them get ahead?
A
schools are beginning to see grit as key to students’ success
15
Q
Grit, Perseverance, and Long-term Goals Video
what do we need in education?
A
motivational perspective
16
Q
grit kind of sounds like
A
C
17
Q
facets of C
A
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self discipline
Deliberation
18
Q
McAdams Description of C
A
Plan lives carefully according to principles and goals.
Hard-work, self-discipline and perseverence
best predictor of school outcomes after IQ and aptitude
19
Q
shyness is about fear of
A
evaluation
20
Q
Shy people get nervous if you are pursuing someone with
A
a higher sociometric status
21
Q
shy ppl and marriage
A
shy ppl marry later, but at the same rate
22
Q
how many ppl fall on introvert end of temperament spectrum
A
30%
23
Q
Big Bang Theory Video
A
- Sheldon: Introverted, Does not think much of what others think of him
- Raj: Socially anxious. Has selective mutism
- Howard: Strange guy, No shyness problems
- Leonard: Shy and nervous
24
Q
Correlates of introversion
A
listen more, deliberation, excel at solitary work, less eye contact, less firm handshake, less emerging as leader
25
Feedback on K’s young self shyness
he was just socially anxious
26
Kagan video
- 20% of kids upset at any stimulator, high reactive
- Shy infants overcome shyness, change attributed
- Monkey research is interesting because shyness in monkeys can show a difference when switching mothers
27
some evidence of shyness/behavioral inhibition
- Psycho-physiological indicators: Heart rate, Pupil dilation, Morning cortisol
- Neuropsychological indicators: Limbic systems
28
what country does not have shyness reduction over time
Japan
29
Brian Little’s Answer video
- Free trait theory
Act out of character in the service of own personal goals
Yet he pushes through the constraints of his temperament bc the social value of lecturing and speaking – of truly connecting with his students – trumps the discomfort his introversion can cause him
- capacity to put ourself, but need to recuperate
30
free trait theory
possible to change the way we behave in certain situations for a temporary amount of time if the change will help us reach personal goal
31
biogenic
Our mostly inborn personality
32
sociogenic
Personality expected by our culture, family, religion
33
ideogenic
Our personal desires and sense of what matters in our life
34
What do we need to know ab a person to know them well?
personal concerns and narrative life story
35
Personal concerns include
Big 3 motives
Developmental stages
Attachment and autonomy
36
Achievement motive
Recurrent preference for experiences of doing well and being successful
37
power motivation
Recurrent preference experiences of having impact on others
38
affiliation became intimacy
- Recurrent preference for experiences of warm, close, and communicative interactions with others (this removes the anxiety aspect)
39
who developed power motive
McLennon
40
How to assess motives
thematic perception test: Present ambiguous picture of a social scene and ask people what is happening, what led up to this scene and what will happen in the future
41
How are scores processed?
Empirically derived – arousal experiments
Objective coding system – expert coders
Number of stories
Word Length
Normal distribution
T-scores
42
achievement, power and intimacy motivation occupation
- ach: salesmen, business owner, researcher
- power: manager and clergy
- int: counsellor, mediator
43
Video example with Martha Stewart, what does it show?
high on two motives, achievement and power, she had difficulty with relationships, not as animated
44
interpersonal relationships with 3 motives
nAch → shared activities that are goal-oriented
nPow → agentic, assertive style in relations
nInt → dyadic interactions w close friends, Prefer small rather than large group interactions, Careful about how they disclose
45
twin Videos Depicting the Motives
-Refrigerator twins : Power
- Rubberband twins: Mastery/achievement
- Sprinkler twins: Content, together Intimacy
46
Personal qualities needed to be an effective clinician
- intimacy and power, A and E, helping ppl in distress, empathy
47
Independence of motives?
yes, Intimacy and power are negatively correlated
48
gender differences on motives
women higher in intimacy
49
correlation of big 3 and big 5
zero
50
Correspondence between implicit and explicit motives (also personal goals)
- Over 100 studies measured n achievement in both stories and self-report
- Implicit needs predict behavior over time and across time, much better than self-reported means
51
Does motive of achievement predict school achievement?
- no, power does, predicted good grades
- McKeachie things its bc school environment is not conducive to need achievement
52
for achievement motive in learning context, you need
- you want to know whether you are learning, you want feedback, project to work through
Being personally responsible
- Sometimes you are lucky to have a teaching achievement for a challenge
53
You cannot count on your own assessment of your
motives
54
comments on power motive
- dont want to acknowledge it
- gender and social class moderate power
- positive aspects: membership in org, effective leadership
- negative aspects: aggression, exploitative, divorce, drinking and sexuality
55
power motivation compared to activity inhibition
trump and obama both high, but trump low on activity inhibition
56
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Identity develops in late adolescence / young adulthood
- Critical stage
- All previous stages lead up to identity: make or break stage according to Erikson
- Fits and starts (not always linear)
57
moonie
movement of unification church, mom thought K was a part of it
58
Mary Jane is more ___ motivated
power
59
Marcia, Identity formation consists of
exploration and commitment
60
identify formations crucial in two areas
occupational goals and personal ideology
61
what are the four identity statuses
1. identity diffusion
2. foreclosure
3. moratorium
4. identity achievement
1 to 3 to 4
62
identity diffusion
- A quarter of student fall into that category
- Has some things, but not full identity
- Indecisive
- alienated and isolated, distant
- apathy and dysphoria
- short interview
63
Foreclosure
- Have not explored, but made firm commitments, you know what career you want, party affiliation
- You just took what was available
- Thrown off if your career direction changes
- goal-directed
- confidence and sureness, part of grand plan
64
Moratorium
- explored but no made commitment
- preoccupied and struggling
- anxiety and doubt
- try to turn interview into counselling sessions
65
identity achievement
- 21%
- Explore and confident enough to know what you want
- Exploration and commitment
- trust themselves
66
Change over one year, Adams 1982 results
- 60% stable
- 20% progress
- 10% regress
67
Erikson argues Peter Parker and MJ have not resolved _____, so they would not be ready to have a relationship
identity
68
intimacy status categories
isolate, stereotypes, pre-intimate, intimate
69
isolate
lacks enduring personal relationships like Shelden Cooper
pseudo intimate (friends but no depth)
70
stereotypes
relationship lacks depth
71
pre-intimate
friends but no commitment
72
intimate
commitment and mutuality
73
Results showed that higher levels of identity ______ go with higher levels of intimacy achievement
achievement
74
Problematic personality taits may reflect developmental struggle, which traits?
- N and Assertiveness are misleading
- Seem high on N when having struggles
- K suggests if middle state is resolved, its possible your trait position was false
75
Historical changes in _____ of identity commitments
Gender difference in ____ of identity and intimacy achievement
timing, order
76
30% of people in sciences drop out, why do canadians vs immigrants?
canadians: more interested in another field
immigrants: failed so badly
77
Key to resisting Moonie recruitment tactics in the 70s came down to a combination of
strong existing social support systems, healthy skepticism and critical thinking skills, and an awareness of the deceptive recruitment methods being used
78
Identity _____ people went to the moonies
diffused
79
generativity is about
care
80
Challenges of generativity stage
Engaging in multiple social spheres
Extend oneself to others
Provide leadership and guidance
Support the next gen so they develop trust, autonomy, initiative, industry and identity
81
generativity statuses
- shallow vs deep involvement
- pseudo vs generative
82
three components of mcadams model of generativity
- values, strings, acts
- values matter most
83
you dont have to have ___ to be generative
kids
84
McAdams disagrees with Erikson on the fact that
generativity is neatly situated within midlife stage
85
authoritative parenting is combination of
high structure and high support of autonomy
86
Strong relationship with uni students and highly generative parents → Higher scores on
A and C, social maturity
87
Successful aging means what
- minimized risk of disease and disability
- physical and cognitive function
- being generative
88
prospective study of generativity saw that positive personality development increase
A and O
89
Generativity in midlife and successful aging: Gruenwald
⅓ died, generativity at 60 → predictive outcomes at 70
Greater risk of disability and death even after controlling for health and demographic factors
90
psychosocial stages final points
- links to next stage in sequence, life events can disrupt
91
How to measure generativity in midlife?
semi structured interviews
92
what is asperger's syndrome
mild autism disorder
93
autism spectrum disorder is characterized by
deficits in social communication and interaction restricted, repetitive, and stereotypical behaviors
94
Greta shows that she has a switch up from UN speech to Climate rally speech in ___ , has high on ____
A, C
95
Autism is heritable among psychiatric disorder, ____ compared to big 5 which is only ____
90%, 50%
96
greta mental health issues
anorexia nervosa, selective mutism, OCD, depression
97
Items from autism spectrum
- Not a clinical diagnosis
- Focus too much on small details
- Look at eyes and mouth
- Eyes communicate most emotion
- Autism people look at mouth
98
Autism spectrum and big 5 study features
- not very strong
- Associations with high autism related to extraversion (introverts?) low E
- lowest on gregariousness
- associated with N
- lower C (hard to pursue goals bc caught up in detail
- female more difficulty
99
Meta-analysis Kotov, what is associated with mental disorders vs substance abuse
- lower E and C mental
- low A
100
mcadams says traits are
superficial, suggests we pick up big 5 from others
101
greta's life story can be characterized as
messianic
102
Holy grail for attachment research
Connection and empirical reliable linking early attachment style with mom with young adult/midlife attachment with romantic partner
103
Attachment and autonomy →
how we relate in close relationships
104
Romantic relationships and which parent
mother style
105
father associated with more
energetic things, oxytocin goes up
106
K suggests what trait evolved to make sure we get along
A is about seeing other perspective, being warm, contribute
107
Human tendency to
pair bond, strong attachment bonds with mom and then partner
108
Attachment style and autonomy self regulation are ______ from Big 5
distinct
109
you can predict development and life outcomes when looking at the security of the
attachment style
110
Securely attached children are more
exploratory
111
Attachment and autonomy are ___ genetic, focus on
20%, attachment focus on parenting
112
secure, avoidant and dependent percentage is security attachments
60 / 25 / 15
113
avoidant has
low E and low A
114
Grand theory of John Bowlby
Attachment developed throughout human evolution to protect infants from dangers/ predators, emotion regulation
115
secure baby
trust, exploration, based (clip1)
6-8 months will become fearful of strangers
Prior did not show that
Video of infant in confronting with stranger
Stranger anxiety at 6months with memory maturing, peak at 1st bday
116
insecure baby
Child should be distressed if mom leaves, how the child reacts when mom comes back, whether they can be soothed or becoming avoidant and uncontrollable
117
Fourth attachment outcome
disorganized
118
how to make a baby secure over time
Recommended to train the child to cry and be somewhat distressed, go in stretching the time to respond to crying with more time in between
119
what months should you confort them, when should you let them cry?
3m, 9-12m
120
What developmental outcomes are associated with security of attachment?
exploration, task mastery, emotional adaptation, social adaptation (going to daycare)
121
Secure attachment is using mother as a
safe base
122
DV of simpson study on infant attachment
Romantic process
Negative affect
Emotional tone
Composite index
123
if you have an avoidant style, you don’t want to get
too close
124
If you are insecure, outcomes better if you find someone
secure
125
what comes after ppl struggle with attachment
autonomy
126
All humans have three universal psychological needs, Deci and Ryan
Autonomy, relatedness (attachment) and competence (ARC)
127
which universal psychological need is most important
autonomy
128
Sacrificed autonomy → relatedness and competence are going to be ____
conflicted
129
what is competence
Competence is feeling you can develop mastery, elite level in sports
130
Autonomy is confused for being
independence and self reliant
131
synonym of autonomy
Self determination theory
132
Deci and ryan definition
Behave with sense of volition, willingness and congruence
133
Maternal support for autonomy was linked to infant development of ____
mastery related behaviours
134
Three options with getting a job offer, autonomy
- Truly autonomous option: Do i find this interesting (Autonomy)
- Looking for reward, avoid punishment: Will i make more money? (Control oriented)
- Helpless or amotivated (Inpersonal behaviors?) External locus of control, Can’t live up to responsibility
135
what are the three orientations of behaviors
autonomous, controlled and impersonal
136
key part of high autonomy
awareness
137
integrated functioning of autonomy in 3 areas
personality, emotional and social
138
reactive autonomy
- Perceived as doing things on your own, never conforming, never depending on others
- Probably not autonomous
- Expected to do what everyone else does: get rilled up at that
139
reflective autonomy
- More collaborate, real autonomy
- Comfortable working with others and accepting ideas
- Comfortable relying on experts
140
Ryan 1993 says being autonomous does not mean being subject to no
external influence, but rather being able to control them, use then as input
141
K suggests changing one aspect of personality is
the most powerful effect
142
Most changeable aspect of personality is
life story
143
who contrasted two facets of well being
aristotle
144
two types of well being
hedonic and eudaimonic
145
hedonic
happiness, subjective well being, maximize pleasure, minimize pain
146
eudaimonic
psychological well being, not tied to external circumstances
147
measuring happiness scale
finland and norway happiest
148
Neil Ted Talk
- low N, middle E, high A, intimacy motivation, needs to be an agent
149
research about negative life events with regards to recuperating
Research suggests that after 6 months, we return to baseline, goes both ways
150
emmens study on lottery winners suggests that happiness is
fleeting, compared disabled vs non disabled
151
paradox of age: stress, worry, sadness and anger
- stress goes up in 20s
- worry up in 30s
- sadness up in 40s
- anger down
152
way to indirectly measure eudaimonic
Ego-development measure by Jane Loevinger
153
While happiness may require us to avoid thinking about what might have been, _____ might require an awareness of the losses and sacrifices of adulthood
maturity
154
Divorce women who process increased in ego development (eudaimonic well being) recovered in
hedonic well being
155
free trait theory
Suggests that even if we are low on assertiveness or O or high on N, its possible to change the way we behave in certain situations for a temporary amount of time if the change will help us reach personal goal
156
K thinks you need some capacity to push yourself to ___
action
157
Amy Cuddy said
fake it till you make it, send signal of being big
158
problem with Cuddy's study
p-hacking
159
Surprising is that there is research where ppl pretend to
be extroverted
160
K's hunch on Cuddy
Best idea is to think ab situations where you will make that effort
161
Ppl who are introverted can pull of E, but its draining, the idea is
we have a limited amount of self control
162
% of shy ppl feeling stuck
70%
163
Carol Dweck research that personality is
flexible and dynamic
164
what is easier to change
beliefs over behaviors
165
incremental vs entity
- Incremental means shyness is changeable
- Entity means shyness can’t change
166
Fear conditioning, what that means? whats the catch 22
worried about social evaluation, avoiding the situation yet avoiding and intensifying the concern
167
what is the advice to give to shy people?
You might think you are nervous, but others will not notice it
168
Benefits of changeability
- Mastery rather than performance orientation
- Openness to learn
- Willingness to confront challenge
- Ability to stick with difficult tasks
- Capability to bounce back from failure
169
socially anxious ppl get less married by
40%
170
shy people get married at ___ ___ than nonshy
same rate
171
what did Lynn Alden do differently in cognitive behavioral therapy
- ppl socially anxious realize they should not avoid all the time
- Treatment involves exposing people to feared situation but also makes sure ppl abandon safety behaviors gradually
172
what are safety behaviors
shy people look for safety in social settings, finding a quiet role, like bringing out drinks or cleaning
173
Doesn’t matter how anxious you are, as long as you are
friendly
174
what is the first step to get away from shyness
growth mindselt, target A, then N, then C, motivational strategies to improve self control, improve goal setting
175
three words to tell a depressed friend
tell me more
176
14/15/16 yo putting together what
autobiographical narrative, both unconscious and maybe conscious
177
what is special ab narrative identity?
- link contradictory aspects, flexible, think in stories, not aware of storytelling
178
what age do you get basic understanding of story, what can we tell
5 yo, time and place, characters, actor, beg middle and end
179
Final stage of life brings forth
reminiscence, rewarding to tell story
180
if you are more conservative, there is ___ to make up story
less room
181
mcadams story model of identity
- construct autobiographical story to define ourselves
- provide unity and coherence
- facts not same as meaning
- process begins in adulthood
182
Most stories cluster around ___ and why?
17-25, reminiscence bump
183
Experiment 2008 on reminiscence bumps
- 50 yo give memories from 23 yo
- bc of Neuro-cognitive development at that age
And narrative explanation, coming of age
184
ideally stories become better and more ______
complex
185
Life story serves two functions
- Gives life meaning and purpose
- Provides unity to experiences
186
4/5 big 5 have influence on how we tell stories
- C, success, perseverance
- A, joy, social connection
- N, negative
- O, creative and complex
187
redemption vs contamination
opposite, low point then make a change vs all happy then sad event
188
Life method mcadams asian v america
asian family first, american indivudual first
189
what themes are important in stories
agency and communion, communion being degree to which protagonist demonstrates interpersonal connection
190
what is coherence
Extent to which narrative demonstrates clear causal sequencing, causal, thematic or character
191
qualities a good story should have
- coherence
- openness, not always predictable
- credibility
- differentiation, 3d
- reconciliation, conflicts
192
Other ways to change story
counselling and psychotherapy, opportunity to refine and strength life story narrative, important to self disclose, alliance process and autonomous motivation
193
adler study therapy clients findings
- Agency themes were most strongly related with reduction of problems
- Coherence was related to ego development
- Little N decrease
- Agency predicts well being outcomes
PSYC 332
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
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