1
Q
three layers of personality
A
- Actor: dispositional traits
- Agent: goals and values
- Author: life stories
2
Q
what are the big 5 traits
A
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
3
Q
openness adjectives
A
imagination, feelings, actions and ideas
low score = practical, conventional, routine
high score = curious, independent, wide range of interests
4
Q
conscientiousness adjectives
A
competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven
low score = impulsive, careless, disorganized
high score = hardworking, dependable, organized
5
Q
extroversion adjectives
A
sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
6
Q
agreeableness adjectives
A
cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured, altruism
low = critical, uncooperative, suspicious
high = helpful, trusting, empathetic
7
Q
neuroticism adjectives
A
tendency toward unstable emotions
low = calm, even tempered, secure
high = anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
8
Q
2019 study on having personality vs none results
A
- Batman has no personality, deadpoll and spiderman have lots of personality
- Difference is mainly in extraversion and openness, low = no personality
9
Q
what is the most observable trait
A
extraversion
10
Q
most highly evaluative trait
A
openness
11
Q
what is the purpose of social species
A
get along and get ahead
12
Q
myers briggs test
A
- Used in personnel and development and selection
- Perceived as a very useful screening tool that is integrated into how people are promoted
- based on idea by Carl Jung
13
Q
problem with myers briggs test
A
- forces you onto a side
14
Q
korean video about MBTI
A
- people get to know you that way
- introverts are sees as cute
15
Q
Why Myers-Briggs test is totally meaningless? video
A
psychologists don’t believe in it, people don’t fall into types, categories
16
Q
A study found that 50% of people who took the test twice arrived at
A
different results even though only 5 weeks later
17
Q
what is the four effect of why people like the MBT
A
vague responses, hard to argue with, technique used in astrology, fortune telling
18
Q
why is the MBT so popular?
A
- people like categories
- positive results only, bright future
19
Q
big five inventory test
A
- not always positive results
20
Q
what does the ted talk video highlight about introverts
A
they need time to prepare
21
Q
opposite of agreeableness
A
quarrelsome
22
Q
Situation can override tendencies like examples
A
extroverts at a funeral won’t talk
23
Q
caveats of big 5
A
- independent of one another
- natural to begin by trying to pin down ur profile
- more nuance
24
Q
High on agreeableness → means what compared to quarrelsome people
A
lower pay
25
salespeople have to be
extraverts
26
psychologists should be
agreeable
27
professors should be
introverts
28
how did they get from 4k to 180
looked for synonyms
29
factor analysis
- statistical technique to reduce to big 5, notice underlying dimensions
- group variables that are most related
30
features of big 5
- apply to all
- bipolar
- comparative
- non-conditional, decontextualized
31
Peanuts video of Charlie Brown
- neurotic, self-critical, low on E and also high on it, shows how E has social aspect and dominance
- charlie is high on social dominance but low on sociability
32
seinfield character, george
neurotic, sociable but doubts himself, not very confident
33
Oliver john on agreeableness label
- Problematic label
- It refers to behavioral tendency to agree, may be seen as submissive
- Agreeing to everything is actually part of extraversion trait
34
Situational stability
rating in one context vs another
35
temporal stability
how stable we are
36
cultural universality
found in diff languages
37
Evidence of universality of big 5
- emergence in many languages and cultures
38
HEXACO MODEL (Ashton and Lee 2004)
Humility / Honesty (some argue it is part of agreeableness)
Emotionality
Xtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness
39
Evidence in other species
Gosling 1999
- Dogs, cats, donkeys, pigs
- Reliable individual differences in E, N and A;
- Often also find O in terms of curiosity & playfulness
- C only appears in Chimpanzees, suggesting recent evolutionary history
40
common problems on big 5
- Conflation between dimensions
- Concerns about one’s standing on certain traits
- Social anxiety interferes
- Are the big 5 to big and broad?
41
5 traits are independency, but we have a tendency to
group them
42
introverts do better in
schools
43
quarrelsomeness people have reward in getting people
upset, discourages groupthink
44
Insight by stanford business that diverse personalities can
strengthen groups
45
koestner's caveats on big five
There can be change in your Big 5 traits displays across situation, some change more than others
46
Despite its important limitations, trait talk is a useful and natural way to account for
human individuality
47
most quarrelsome with your
family
48
Chameleon story
sometimes ppl act differently
49
Mark Snyder’s view on self-monitoring, high vs low
- People differ meaningfully in the extent to which they can and do engage in expressive control
- Hi SM: the consummate social pragmatists, willing and able to project images desired by others
- Lo SM: not only unwilling but unable to carry off appearances
50
High self-monitors adjust their behavior in response to their environment, while low self-monitors tend to rely on
the same behaviors in all contexts
51
Both studies together show that high self monitors are
less consistent, Lippa study
52
ripple effect of personality on
social structures
53
Tendency for people to ___ ____ democraphically different others and view outgroup members as less trustworthy honest and cooperative
negatively stereotype
54
high self-monitors tend to be more successful in overcoming
prejudices
55
office clip shows michael is a
narcissist
56
what ties into Narcissicm
E
57
personality disorder
Lasting, stable maladaptive pattern of behavior and inner experience that markedly deviates from a person’s culture and is manifested in areas such as inappropriate emotions and cognitions, lack of impulse control, and chronic deficiencies in interpersonal functioning
58
mental disorders are
transitory
59
personality disorders are
not transitory, stable, do not notice smth is wrong
60
cluster A of personality disorder
odd, eccentric, paranoid, schizoid
61
cluster B of personality disorder
dramatic, erratic, antisocial, narcissist
62
cluster C of personality
anxious, fearful, avoidant, OCD
63
People are scared to assign personality disorders bc
they aren’t transitory
64
Elements of personality functioning
self like identity and self-direction and interpersonal
65
Pursuit of coherent and meaningful short term and life goals; utilization of constructive and prosocial internal standards of behavior; ability to self reflect productively
self direction
66
Experience of oneself as unique with clear boundaries between self and others; stability of self-esteem and accuracy of self-appraisal; capacity for, and ability to regulate, a range of emotional experience
identity
67
narcissistic characteristics
grandiosity and attention seeking
68
What is positive psychology?
VIA classification of strengths
69
Why do chameleon change their appearance
- To camouflage themselves and reduce risk of being preyed upon?
- To project strength and status to other males (get ahead)
- To catch the interest of females (get along)
70
self- critic vs self enhancer
self enhancer almost worse
71
Why does McAdams not include self-esteem?
- It is better thought of as an outcome variable reflective of adjustment or well-being
- It seems to covary with one Big 5 trait very strongly
- Extraversion split with social vitality and social dominance
- assertive links with self-esteem
72
DSM 5 criteria for narcissism: need 5 of 9
Grandiose sense of self-importance
Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love
A need for excessive admiration
Sense of entitlement
Interpersonally exploitive behavior
Lack of empathy
Envy of others or a belief that others are envious of you
Demonstration of arrogant or haughty behaviors or attitudes
73
average score of people on narcissism vs celebrities
15, 18
74
Example of over-claiming
Jimmy Kimmel lie witness TV
75
have uni students become more narcissistic
from 2024, declining rates
76
What should we do if we have a friend/romantic partner who is narcissistic
- Acknoweldhe feelings
- Set boundaries
- Limit interactions
- Seek support
- Consider professional help
77
features of predatory narcissists
- hunting patterns, lovebombing
78
Heritability of height and weight
90%
79
People who score low on N are very calm, don’t experience a lot of
negative effect
80
Heritability quotient
An estimate of the proportion of variability in a given characteristic that can be attributed to genetic differences between people
81
twin studies on heritability estimates personality traits
- Twin studies
Fraternal twins (DZ) share 50%
Identical twins (MZ) share 100%
- Adoption studies
Biological sib share 50%
Adopted sibs share 0%
82
Can we explain MZ advantage environmentally?
Perhaps MZ twins are treated more similarly than DZ twins
Data from swedish study on all big 5 shows MZ together or apart show little variance in terms of shared environment
83
ratio nature rather than nurture
10:1
84
Locus of control
Focuses on whether you think there's a relation between the way you behave and what happens to you
- for twins, raised tgt is what matters
85
If 50% of the variation is genetic does that mean the remainder is the result of the environment, specifically parenting?
Some things in MZ will make you different like if you go to different schools and you didnt
Non-shared events that you can take into consideration, but hard to catalogue those
86
birth order video showed what
Firstborn is natural leaders, achievers (CEO)
Firstborn daughter is a pleaser, firstborn son is more opposite
The middle child is opposite (entrepreneurs, Gates)
Youngest (Ellen DeGeneres)
List of 20 comedians
87
what changed for Koestner from 20-40
E goes up, N down
88
at what age is your percentile rank going to stop changing
45
89
McLovin from Superbad
We misremember how much of a superloser we were
90
Roberts theory
Almost all of us trend toward becoming more socially mature in patterning of Big 5
91
In asian countries, young ppl become _____ very quickly (25 yo vs 40 for us)
conscious
92
Why are we more likely to change between 20 and 30
- separate from family
- romantic relationship
- career track
93
Two things that have a + impact is
finding a romantic partner and getting therapy
PSYC 332
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