Anatomy/Physiology > FINAL REVIEW #1 > Flashcards

FINAL REVIEW #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.

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2
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of body function.

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3
Q

What does the chemical level of organization consist of?

A

The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules, which are vital for life processes.

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4
Q

What is a sagittal section?

A

A sagittal section is a lengthwise plane that divides the body or its parts into right and left sides.

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5
Q

What does the cranial cavity contain?

A

The cranial cavity contains the brain.

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6
Q

What does the spinal cavity contain?

A

The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What internal conditions must the body maintain within limits?

A

The body must maintain temperature, salt content, pH, fluid volume/pressure, oxygen concentration, and other vital conditions.

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8
Q

How does a negative feedback loop operate?

A

A negative feedback loop operates to oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition.

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9
Q

How does a positive feedback loop operate?

A

Positive feedback loops amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring until something stops the process.

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10
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a substance composed of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

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11
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a chemical combination of two or more different elements.

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12
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the fundamental unit of an element.

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13
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are joined together.

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14
Q

Why do atoms form chemical bonds?

A

A chemical bond is formed to make atoms more stable.

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15
Q

What is a solute?

A

A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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16
Q

What does the term pH represent?

A

pH is a symbol for the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.

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17
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are high-molecular-weight substances found in all living cells, consisting of nucleotides, DNA, and RNA.

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18
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are chemical catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.

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19
Q

How do ions form?

A

Ions form when an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer energy level.

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20
Q

What does hydrolysis mean?

A

Hydrolysis literally means “breaking down with water.”

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21
Q

Describe the nucleus of a cell.

A

The nucleus is a double-membraned, spherical envelope that contains DNA strands.

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22
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes manufacture enzymes and other proteins; they are often called “protein factories.”

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23
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are involved in energy-releasing reactions (cellular respiration); they are called the “power plants of the cell.”

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24
Q

What is a flagellum and what is its human example?

A

A flagellum is a single projection from a cell surface. In humans, the only example is the tail of a sperm cell.

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25
What are chromatin granules and what do they contain?
Chromatin granules are threadlike structures in the nucleus made of proteins and DNA. DNA is the genetic blueprint.
26
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process where a cell engulfs large particles by trapping them in a section of plasma membrane, then digesting them.
27
What is the role of mRNA?
mRNA is copied from a DNA gene sequence (transcription) and carries that genetic information to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis (translation).
28
What are the four primary types of tissue?
1. Epithelial: covers or lines the body.
2. Connective: provides support.
3. Muscle: contracts for movement.
4. Nervous: senses, conducts, and processes information.
29
Describe the structure of a typical neuron.
A neuron has a cell body, one axon that transmits impulses away, and one or more dendrites that carry impulses toward the cell body.
30
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Simple squamous epithelium forms the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.
31
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Simple columnar epithelium is found in areas of the respiratory tract.
32
What is pseudostratified epithelium and where is it found?
Pseudostratified epithelium lines the trachea and protects the entry to the lungs; it is ciliated.
33
What is an organ?
An organ is a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues that work together to perform complex functions.
34
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a more complex function than any single organ alone.
35
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart (pump), arteries, veins, and capillaries.
36
What makes up the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the tonsils, thymus, and spleen.
37
What are the primary organs of the digestive system?
Primary organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal.
38
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Accessory organs: teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix.
39
What organ rid the body of carbon dioxide?
The lungs rid the body of carbon dioxide.
40
What does the skin eliminate?
The skin eliminates water and some salts in sweat.
41
What are the primary functions of the nervous system?
The nervous system's functions are: communication, integration, control of body functions, and recognition of sensory stimuli.
42
What are membranes?
Membranes are thick, sheetlike structures that cover and protect body surfaces, line cavities, and cover the inner surfaces of hollow organs.
43
What is the cutaneous membrane?
The cutaneous membrane is the skin, the primary organ of the integumentary system.
44
What is the epithelial sheet?
The epithelial sheet is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium supported by a gluelike basement membrane.
45
What is a mucocutaneous junction?
A mucocutaneous junction is a transitional area where skin and mucous membranes meet.
46
What is the function of synovial membranes?
Synovial membranes line movable joints, secrete synovial fluid, and are classified as connective tissue membranes.
47
What is the stratum germinativum?
The stratum germinativum is the innermost layer of epidermal cells that continually reproduce.
48
What is the dermal-epidermal junction?
The dermal-epidermal junction is a specialized area between the two primary skin layers (dermis and epidermis).
49
What is the difference between the hair root and hair shaft?
The hair root lies hidden in the follicle; the hair shaft is the visible part of the hair.
50
What are arrector pili muscles?
Arrector pili are specialized smooth muscles that produce goosebumps and cause hair to stand up straight.
51
What does a Meissner's corpuscle detect?
Meissner's corpuscle detects light touch.
52
What do free nerve endings respond to?
Free nerve endings respond to pain.
53
What do Krause's end bulbs detect?
Krause's end bulbs detect touch, low-frequency vibration, and cold.
54
What are sebaceous glands and what do they secrete?
Sebaceous glands are tiny ducts that open into hair follicles and secrete sebum to lubricate the hair and skin.
55
What characterizes a second-degree burn?
Second-degree burns are partial-thickness burns that damage sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands but do not completely destroy the dermis.
56
What characterizes a third-degree burn?
Third-degree burns are full-thickness burns characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis.
57
What is a fourth-degree burn?
Fourth-degree burns are full-thickness burns that extend below the subcutaneous tissue to muscle or bone.
58
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The diaphysis is the hollow shaft of a long bone, made of hard, compact bone.
59
What is the medullary cavity?
The medullary cavity is the hollow area inside the diaphysis; it contains yellow bone marrow.
60
What is the epiphysis?
The epiphysis is the end of a long bone.
61
What is articular cartilage?
Articular cartilage is a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis at a joint.
62
What is the periosteum?
The periosteum is a tough membrane of fibrous tissue covering a bone everywhere except the joint surfaces.
63
What is the endosteum?
The endosteum is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
64
What are cartilage cells called?
Cartilage cells are called chondrocytes.
65
Why does cartilage heal slowly?
Cartilage heals slowly because it contains no blood vessels; nutrients must diffuse through the matrix.
66
What makes up the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, thorax, and hyoid bone.
67
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton includes the upper extremities (shoulder girdle) and lower extremities (hip girdle).
68
How many true ribs are there?
There are 14 true ribs (7 pairs) attached directly to the sternum.
69
How many false ribs are there?
There are 10 false ribs (5 pairs). Ribs 8-10 attach to the cartilage of the 7th rib.
70
What is a synarthrotic joint?
A synarthrotic joint is immovable, with fibrous tissue between bones (e.g., cranial sutures).
71
What is an amphiarthrotic joint?
An amphiarthrotic joint is slightly movable, with cartilage connecting bones (e.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints).
72
What is a gliding joint?
A gliding joint is a diarthrotic joint that allows limited sliding movements (e.g., between vertebrae).
73
What is a sarcomere?
The sarcomere is the basic functional, contractile unit of skeletal muscle, made of thick and thin myofilaments.
74
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The neuromuscular junction is the specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and a muscle fiber.
75
What is smooth muscle also called?
Smooth muscle is also called nonstriated or visceral muscle.
76
What are bursae?
Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that lie between tendons and bones to reduce friction.
77
What is synovial fluid?
Synovial fluid is a slippery lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membranes that fills joint cavities and bursae.
78
What is a twitch contraction?
A twitch contraction is a single, quick, jerky muscle response to a single threshold stimulus.
79
What is an isotonic contraction?
An isotonic contraction is a muscle contraction that produces movement at a joint, shortening the muscle.
80
What is strength training?
Strength training is exercise involving muscle contraction against heavy resistance.
81
What is endurance (aerobic) training?
Endurance training is exercise that increases a muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period.
82
What is the function of dendrites?
Dendrites are neuron projections that transmit impulses toward the neuron cell body.
83
What is the function of an axon?
Axons are neuron processes that transmit impulses away from the cell body.
84
What are sensory (afferent) neurons?
Sensory neurons transmit impulses from the body to the brain and spinal cord.
85
What are motor (efferent) neurons?
Motor neurons transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
86
What are the glial cells in the PNS called?
The peripheral glial cells are called Schwann cells.
87
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
Nodes of Ranvier are indentations between adjacent Schwann cells along a myelinated axon.
88
What is the neurilemma?
The neurilemma is the outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell.
89
Where is the medulla oblongata located?
The medulla oblongata is an upward extension of the spinal cord, inside the cranial cavity above the foramen magnum.
90
Where is the pons located?
The pons is located just superior to the medulla oblongata.
91
Where is the midbrain located?
The midbrain is the narrow, most superior part of the brainstem.
92
What is a primary function of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus acts as a major control center for the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
93
What is the function of the thalamus?
The thalamus relays sensory impulses from the body to the cerebral cortex.
94
What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?
The white matter is composed of bundles of axons called tracts.
95
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves attached to the brain.
96
What is a nerve plexus?
A plexus is a network where nerve fibers from several spinal nerves are reorganized to form a single peripheral nerve.
97
Where are sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?
Sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.
98
Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?
Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the gray matter of the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
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