Final Study Guide

Question 1

Child directed speech

Answer 1

Child-directed speech, when done properly by a caregiver, contributes to a child’s language learning.

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

Assimilation is incorporating new experiences in current schemes

Question 3

Schemes

Answer 3

organized patterns of reaction to stimuli; cognitive structures use these to process incoming sensory information; can change or refined due to experiences

Question 4

Adaptation

Answer 4

changing in response to the environment

Question 5

Scaffolding

Answer 5

building on previous knowledge

Question 6

Bootstrapping

Answer 6

using previous knowledge (semantic concepts) to understand new concepts (syntactic units) OR vise versa

Question 7

Evocative utterances

Answer 7

comments that children make when labeling/naming items​

Question 8

MLU

Answer 8

it is a measure of linguistic productivity in children, calculated by dividing the total number of morphemes (or words) by the total number of utterances collected from a language sample

Question 9

Phonological processes

Answer 9

speech patterns that children use when learning adult speech; all children use these

Question 10

Metacognition

Answer 10

the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, often described as “thinking about thinking.”

Question 11

Dialects vary by….

Answer 11

Geography
socioeconomic status
race and ethnicity
situation
peer group
number of languages spoken
others

Question 12

What percentage of toddler’s speech is imitation?

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

What is the difference from delayed and normal communication

Answer 13

Normal communication develops along the expected timeline for age, while delayed communication means a child is behind in reaching speech or language milestones compared to peers.

Question 14

What is the developmental stages list?

Answer 14

foundations-sounds
Phonetically consistent forms​
real words
Phrases​
More sounds, more words​
Sentences​
speech mastery and literacy

Question 15

Why is play important?

Answer 15

levels of “play” also closely aligns with language development; related to cognition

Question 16

pragmatics

Answer 16

the social use of language

Question 17

syntax

Answer 17

the ability to put words in the correct order; grammar

Question 18

phonology

Answer 18

how sounds are organized to create words

Question 19

semantics

Answer 19

the meaning of words; vocabulary

Question 20

morphology

Answer 20

the smallest units of words that hold meaning

Question 21

metalingustics

Answer 21

helps us to think about how to change sentences, how to convey different meanings, how to put sounds together

Question 22

emergent literacy

Answer 22

While learning to talk, we are also learning to read.

Question 23

nature

Answer 23

Nature is the innate ability to develop language.

Question 24

nurture

Answer 24

Nurture poses that language is learned by experiences from the environment.

Question 25

What are the two main interactionalist approaches?

Answer 25

Constructivism and Emergentism

Question 26

Why do we have linguistic theories?

Answer 26

They help explain ways that humans develop language. They help people understand language development and its relationship with other areas of development.

Question 27

Do Neurons physically touch each other during a synapse?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 28

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 29

What are the two areas primarily involved in language processing and connected by the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 29

Broca's area and Wernicke's area

Question 30

What tv show segment have we watched at the end of every class?

Answer 30

Word of the day Sesame Street

Question 31

You have a child on your roster who has difficulty engaging in conversational turn taking. This is a deficit in what major language component?

Answer 31

pragmatics

Question 32

How are consonants described by what 3 things?

Answer 32

voicing, manner of articulation, place of articulation

Question 33

What develops first vowels or consonants?

Answer 33

consonants

Question 34

Be ready to count number morphemes in an utterance.

Answer 34

Do not count the following as morphemes: a. Interjections such as “you know” or “hmm” b. Words that are used as disfluencies; count only the final production (e.g., He he he went to the store = 5 morephemes) c. Words that are used as false starts leading to a revision (e.g., He went… I went to the store = 5 morphemes) 5. Count the following as one morpheme: a. Compound words (e.g. snowman, mailbox) b. Proper names (e.g., Winnie the Pooh, Snow White) c. Diminutives (e.g., birdie, doggie) d. Reduplications (e.g., bye-bye, night-night) e. Irregular past tense verbs (e.g., went, gone, saw). The justification is that there is little evidence that children relate to the present form. f. Can’t and don’t (Note: counting can’t and don’t as one morpheme is an exception to the auxiliary rule [#6 below]). The justification is that can’t and don’t function as one morpheme for the child. g. Irregular plural forms (e.g. mice, feet) h. Catenatives (e.g., hafta, gonna, wanna

Question 35

Accommodation

Answer 35

and accommodation is developing new schemes.