1
Q
What is Biomechanics?
A
The scientific study of how forces act on the human body and how the body produces movement
Integrates anatomy, physics, engineering, and physiology to understand mechanical principles in living organisms.
2
Q
List the key purposes of Biomechanics.
A
- Improving performance
- Reducing injury risk
- Enhancing equipment design
- Understanding movement in clinical and sport settings
These purposes help in various applications such as sports, rehabilitation, and ergonomics.
3
Q
What might a Biomechanist research?
A
- How ACL injuries occur during cutting and jumping
- How running stride length affects energy cost
- How joint loads differ between barefoot and shod running
- How older adults maintain balance
- How prosthetic limbs affect gait
- Workplace ergonomics to prevent repetitive-strain injuries
These research areas aim to improve safety and performance in human movement.
4
Q
Define Kinematics.
A
The description of motion
Includes variables such as joint angles, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
5
Q
Define Kinetics.
A
The study of forces that cause or change motion
Includes variables such as ground reaction forces, joint torques, muscle forces, friction, and gravity.
6
Q
What are common Biomechanics Measurement Tools?
A
- Motion capture
- Force plates
- EMG
- Pressure mats
- Accelerometers and gyroscopes
- High-speed cameras
These tools help measure various aspects of human movement and forces.
7
Q
What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
A
Muscle contraction happens when myosin heads attach to actin and pull the filaments toward the sarcomere center
This process creates cross-bridge cycling and shortens the muscle, producing force.
8
Q
List the types of Muscle Action.
A
- Concentric
- Eccentric
- Isometric
Each type describes different ways muscles produce force during movement.
9
Q
What is the Length-Tension Relationship?
A
The force a muscle can produce depends on the sarcomere length
Optimal length allows for ideal overlap of actin and myosin, producing maximal force.
10
Q
Describe the Force-Velocity Relationship.
A
- Concentric: faster shortening = lower force
- Eccentric: faster lengthening = higher force
- Eccentric contractions can produce the MOST force
This relationship highlights how muscle force varies with the speed of contraction.
11
Q
Define Distance and Displacement.
A
- Distance: total path traveled (scalar)
- Displacement: straight-line change in position (vector)
These terms describe different aspects of motion in biomechanics.
12
Q
What are Newton’s First Laws?
A
An object stays at rest or in motion unless acted on by an external force (inertia)
Forces include internal forces (muscles, tendons) and external forces (gravity, ground reaction forces).
13
Q
What is the formula for Work?
A
Work = Force × Distance
This formula is fundamental in understanding energy transfer in biomechanics.
14
Q
List the types of Energy.
A
- Kinetic: energy of motion
- Potential: stored energy from height
- Elastic/strain: stored energy from deformation
These energy types are important in analyzing movement and performance.
15
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
A person stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, feet slightly apart, and head level
All anatomical terms assume this position unless otherwise stated.
16
Q
Define anterior (ventral).
A
Toward the front of the body
Example: The sternum is anterior to the spine.
17
Q
Define posterior (dorsal).
A
Toward the back of the body
Example: The scapula is posterior to the ribcage.
18
Q
What does superior mean?
A
Above or closer to the head
Example: The head is superior to the chest.
19
Q
What does inferior mean?
A
Below or closer to the feet
Example: The knees are inferior to the hips.
20
Q
Define medial.
A
Toward the midline of the body
Example: The big toe is medial to the little toe.
21
Q
Define lateral.
A
Away from the midline
Example: The shoulders are lateral to the sternum.
22
Q
What does ipsilateral mean?
A
Situated on the same side of the body
Example: The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg.
23
Q
What does contralateral mean?
A
Situated on the opposite side
Example: A stroke on the left side of the brain may affect the right arm.
24
Q
Define proximal.
A
Closer to the trunk or point of attachment
Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
25
Define **distal**.
Farther from the trunk
## Footnote
Example: The fingers are distal to the elbow.
26
What does **prone** mean?
Facing downward
## Footnote
Example: A prone push-up starts with the body lying face down.
27
What does **supine** mean?
Facing upward
## Footnote
Example: Bench presses begin in a supine position.
28
Define **deep**.
Away from the surface of the body
## Footnote
Example: Bones are deep compared to skin.
29
Define **superficial**.
Toward the surface
## Footnote
Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles.
30
What does **plantar** refer to?
Bottom surface of the foot
## Footnote
Example: Plantar flexion involves pointing the toes downward.
31
What is the **sagittal plane**?
Divides the body into left and right halves
## Footnote
Common motions: flexion and extension at the hip, knee, elbow, and ankle.
32
What is the **frontal plane**?
Divides body into front and back halves
## Footnote
Motions: abduction, adduction, lateral flexion.
33
What is the **transverse plane**?
Divides body into upper and lower halves
## Footnote
Motions: internal/external rotation, trunk rotation.
34
What is **flexion**?
Decreasing the angle between two bones
## Footnote
Example: bending the elbow.
35
What is **extension**?
Increasing the angle between bones
## Footnote
Example: straightening the knee.
36
Define **hyperextension**.
Extension beyond anatomical neutral
## Footnote
Example: arching the lower back.
37
What is **abduction**?
Movement away from the midline
## Footnote
Example: lifting the arms sideways.
38
What is **adduction**?
Movement toward the midline
## Footnote
Example: lowering arms back to sides.
39
Define **rotation**.
Internal or external turning of a bone around its axis
## Footnote
Example: rotating the shoulder during a tennis serve.
40
What is **lateral flexion**?
Side bending of the trunk or neck
## Footnote
Example: leaning sideways to pick something up.
41
What is an **absolute angle**?
Angle of a body segment relative to a fixed reference, usually horizontal
## Footnote
Used to describe segment orientation in space.
42
What is a **relative angle**?
Angle between two connected segments
## Footnote
Common in joint motion analysis.
43
In a push-up, the hands are _______ to the shoulders and anterior to the chest.
distal
## Footnote
This illustrates the use of directional terms.
44
During a cartwheel, the body moves primarily in the _______ plane.
frontal
## Footnote
This is an example of movement concepts.
45
Define **Physical Activity**.
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that increases energy expenditure above resting levels
## Footnote
Examples include walking to class, gardening, carrying groceries.
46
Define **Exercise**.
Planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity performed with the intention of improving or maintaining physical fitness
## Footnote
Examples include a 30-minute treadmill run, strength training program.
47
What are the characteristics of **Type I (Slow-Twitch) Fibers**?
* Highly fatigue-resistant
* Rely heavily on oxidative metabolism
* Produce low-to-moderate force
## Footnote
Best for endurance and prolonged activities.
48
Name sports that predominantly use **Type I fibers**.
* Marathon running
* Long-distance cycling
* Rowing
## Footnote
These sports benefit from endurance capabilities.
49
What are the characteristics of **Type II (Fast-Twitch) Fibers**?
* Generate high force quickly
* Fatigue faster
* Rely more on anaerobic metabolism
## Footnote
Best for short, high-intensity activities.
50
Name sports that predominantly use **Type II fibers**.
* Sprinting (100–200 m)
* Olympic weightlifting
* Shot put or jumping events
## Footnote
These sports require quick bursts of energy.
51
What are the primary roles of the **Cardiovascular System**?
* Delivers oxygen and nutrients to working muscles
* Removes carbon dioxide and waste
* Maintains blood pressure
* Helps regulate temperature
## Footnote
Essential for supporting physical activity.
52
What are the primary roles of the **Skeletal Muscle System**?
* Produces force and movement
* Stabilizes joints
* Stores glycogen
* Adapts to training by increasing size and efficiency
## Footnote
Critical for physical performance.
53
What are the primary roles of the **Neuroendocrine System**?
* Regulates hormones that influence metabolism
* Manages stress
* Affects recovery
* Controls blood glucose
* Supports growth
## Footnote
Integrates nervous and endocrine functions.
54
What are the primary roles of the **Respiratory System**?
* Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen intake and CO₂ removal)
* Supports aerobic metabolism during exercise
## Footnote
Vital for sustaining physical activity.
55
What are the fuel sources for the **ATP-PC System**?
* Stored ATP
* Phosphocreatine in the muscles
## Footnote
Provides immediate energy for high-intensity, very short-duration efforts.
56
What are the fuel sources for **Glycolysis**?
* Blood glucose
* Stored muscle glycogen
## Footnote
Supports moderate-to-high intensity exercise lasting up to ~2 minutes.
57
What are the fuel sources for **Oxidative Phosphorylation**?
* Carbohydrates (glucose, glycogen)
* Fats (fatty acids)
## Footnote
Provides ATP for prolonged, lower-to-moderate-intensity exercise.
58
What activities are associated with the **ATP-PC system**?
* 100 m sprint
* Vertical jump
* Heavy 1-rep max lift
## Footnote
Maximal intensity efforts lasting 0–10 seconds.
59
What activities are associated with **Glycolysis**?
* 400 m run
* Repeated sprint intervals
* High-intensity cycling for 30–60 seconds
## Footnote
High intensity efforts lasting 10 seconds to 2 minutes.
60
What activities are associated with **Oxidative Phosphorylation**?
* Distance running
* Swimming laps
* Steady-state cycling
## Footnote
Moderate intensity efforts lasting 2+ minutes.
61
How is **Aerobic Power (VO₂max)** measured?
Using a graded exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer with gas analysis
## Footnote
Indicates the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during exercise.
62
How is **Anaerobic Power** measured?
Using the Wingate test, sprint tests, or vertical jump power calculations
## Footnote
Assesses short-duration, high-intensity performance.
63
What are common methods for assessing **Body Composition**?
* DXA scanning
* Skinfold measurements
* Bioelectrical impedance analysis
* Hydrostatic weighing
## Footnote
These methods estimate body fat and lean mass.
64
What is the formula for **Body Mass Index (BMI)**?
BMI = weight (kg) ÷ height (m²)
## Footnote
A screening tool that estimates weight status but does NOT directly measure body fat.
65
List adaptations from **Endurance Training (Aerobic)**.
* Increased mitochondrial density
* Increased capillary density
* Increased stroke volume and cardiac output
* Improved fat oxidation
* Lower resting and submax heart rates
## Footnote
Enhances aerobic capacity and efficiency.
66
List adaptations from **Strength & Sprint Training (Anaerobic)**.
* Increased muscle fiber size (hypertrophy)
* Increased neural recruitment and firing rate
* Increased tendon stiffness
* Increased stored ATP-PC capacity
* Improved rate of force development
## Footnote
Enhances strength and power output.
67
Which type of training primarily stresses the **oxidative system**?
Endurance training
## Footnote
Considered aerobic.
68
Which type of training relies heavily on **ATP-PC and glycolytic systems**?
Strength, sprint, and power training
## Footnote
Considered anaerobic.
69
What type of anxiety can **acute bouts of exercise** reduce?
State anxiety
## Footnote
State anxiety is temporary anxiety caused by current conditions.
70
Chronic exercise can reduce **trait anxiety**. What does this mean?
Long-term improvements in how anxious a person generally feels
## Footnote
Trait anxiety refers to a person's general tendency to feel anxious.
71
Exercise is shown to be as effective as medication for **mild to moderate depression**. What neurotransmitters does it increase?
* Serotonin
* Endorphins
## Footnote
Exercise also improves sleep and increases self-efficacy.
72
Regular activity creates a sense of accomplishment and body-confidence, which elevates **self-esteem**. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
This is one of the psychological benefits of exercise.
73
Exercise boosts neurotransmitters and improves short-term **emotional well-being**. What else does it reduce?
Tension
## Footnote
This contributes to an overall improved mood.
74
Regular physical activity improves **sleep quality**. What does it reduce?
Insomnia symptoms
## Footnote
It also improves sleep onset.
75
What social determinant is correlated with higher exercise participation due to increased health knowledge?
Education Level
## Footnote
Higher education often leads to better access to resources.
76
Higher **socioeconomic status (SES)** provides more access to what factors that predict exercise participation?
* Facilities
* Time
* Safe neighborhoods
* Equipment
## Footnote
These factors are major predictors of exercise participation.
77
What is one of the strongest predictors of **exercise adherence**?
Self-efficacy
## Footnote
High self-efficacy means confidence that you can succeed.
78
According to **Achievement Goal Theory**, individuals motivated by mastery are more likely to stay active than those focused on what?
Outperforming others
## Footnote
This distinction is between task-oriented and ego-oriented motivations.
79
In **Attribution Theory**, people who attribute success to controllable factors are more likely to stay active. What are these controllable factors?
* Effort
* Strategy
## Footnote
Blaming failure on uncontrollable factors leads to less motivation.
80
According to the **Health Belief Model (HBM)**, individuals are more likely to exercise if they believe they are at risk for a negative outcome. What are the other three beliefs?
* Exercise will reduce the risk
* Barriers are low
* Cues to action are present
## Footnote
These beliefs influence exercise likelihood.
81
What does **Self-Determination Theory (SDT)** suggest leads to the highest adherence in exercise?
Intrinsic motivation
## Footnote
Feeling autonomous, competent, and connected to others also contributes.
82
What does **Self-Efficacy Theory** predict about exercise behavior?
Confidence in the ability to perform a behavior predicts initiation, effort, and persistence
## Footnote
High self-efficacy leads to high adherence.
83
According to the **Transtheoretical Model (TTM)**, individuals move through stages. Name these stages.
* Pre-contemplation
* Contemplation
* Preparation
* Action
* Maintenance
## Footnote
Interventions must match the stage for best adherence.
84
Who is likely to begin and maintain exercise according to the examples provided?
A person with high self-efficacy, supportive environment, intrinsic motivation
## Footnote
These factors contribute to exercise likelihood.
85
What are three concepts that increase adherence to exercise?
* Affect Regulation
* Social Support
* Behavioral Contracting
## Footnote
These concepts help manage emotions and establish accountability.
86
What type of anxiety can **acute bouts of exercise** reduce?
State anxiety
## Footnote
State anxiety is temporary anxiety caused by current conditions.
87
Chronic exercise can reduce **trait anxiety**. What does this mean?
Long-term improvements in how anxious a person generally feels
## Footnote
Trait anxiety refers to a person's general tendency to feel anxious.
88
Exercise is shown to be as effective as medication for **mild to moderate depression**. What neurotransmitters does it increase?
* Serotonin
* Endorphins
## Footnote
Exercise also improves sleep and increases self-efficacy.
89
Regular activity creates a sense of accomplishment and body-confidence, which elevates **self-esteem**. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
This is one of the psychological benefits of exercise.
90
Exercise boosts neurotransmitters and improves short-term **emotional well-being**. What else does it reduce?
Tension
## Footnote
This contributes to an overall improved mood.
91
Regular physical activity improves **sleep quality**. What does it reduce?
Insomnia symptoms
## Footnote
It also improves sleep onset.
92
What social determinant is correlated with higher exercise participation due to increased health knowledge?
Education Level
## Footnote
Higher education often leads to better access to resources.
93
Higher **socioeconomic status (SES)** provides more access to what factors that predict exercise participation?
* Facilities
* Time
* Safe neighborhoods
* Equipment
## Footnote
These factors are major predictors of exercise participation.
94
What is one of the strongest predictors of **exercise adherence**?
Self-efficacy
## Footnote
High self-efficacy means confidence that you can succeed.
95
According to **Achievement Goal Theory**, individuals motivated by mastery are more likely to stay active than those focused on what?
Outperforming others
## Footnote
This distinction is between task-oriented and ego-oriented motivations.
96
In **Attribution Theory**, people who attribute success to controllable factors are more likely to stay active. What are these controllable factors?
* Effort
* Strategy
## Footnote
Blaming failure on uncontrollable factors leads to less motivation.
97
According to the **Health Belief Model (HBM)**, individuals are more likely to exercise if they believe they are at risk for a negative outcome. What are the other three beliefs?
* Exercise will reduce the risk
* Barriers are low
* Cues to action are present
## Footnote
These beliefs influence exercise likelihood.
98
What does **Self-Determination Theory (SDT)** suggest leads to the highest adherence in exercise?
Intrinsic motivation
## Footnote
Feeling autonomous, competent, and connected to others also contributes.
99
What does **Self-Efficacy Theory** predict about exercise behavior?
Confidence in the ability to perform a behavior predicts initiation, effort, and persistence
## Footnote
High self-efficacy leads to high adherence.
100
According to the **Transtheoretical Model (TTM)**, individuals move through stages. Name these stages.
* Pre-contemplation
* Contemplation
* Preparation
* Action
* Maintenance
## Footnote
Interventions must match the stage for best adherence.
101
Who is likely to begin and maintain exercise according to the examples provided?
A person with high self-efficacy, supportive environment, intrinsic motivation
## Footnote
These factors contribute to exercise likelihood.
102
What are three concepts that increase adherence to exercise?
* Affect Regulation
* Social Support
* Behavioral Contracting
## Footnote
These concepts help manage emotions and establish accountability.
103
What are the **three stages of learning** in motor behavior?
* Verbal-Cognitive Stage
* Associative Stage
* Autonomous Stage
## Footnote
Each stage represents a different level of skill acquisition and cognitive engagement.
104
In the **Verbal-Cognitive Stage**, what is the learner's performance like?
Inconsistent and error-prone
## Footnote
Attention demand is high, and learners rely heavily on instructions and demonstrations.
105
What characterizes the **Associative Stage** of learning?
* Movements become smoother
* Errors decrease
* Learners detect and correct mistakes independently
## Footnote
Less cognitive effort is required in this stage.
106
In the **Autonomous Stage**, how does skill execution appear?
Automatic with minimal conscious attention
## Footnote
Performance is consistent, fluid, and adaptable.
107
Name the **types of practice organization** in motor behavior.
* Random Practice
* Blocked Practice
* Distributed Practice
* Massed Practice
## Footnote
Each type has different effects on learning and retention.
108
What is **Random Practice**?
Different skills practiced in an unpredictable order
## Footnote
Enhances long-term learning and retention.
109
What is the main characteristic of **Blocked Practice**?
One skill is repeated many times before moving to the next
## Footnote
Helps beginners initially but does not promote long-term retention.
110
Define **Distributed Practice**.
Practice broken into shorter sessions with frequent rest
## Footnote
Improves learning by reducing fatigue.
111
What is **Intrinsic Feedback**?
Information received by the performer through senses
## Footnote
Examples include touch, vision, and proprioception.
112
What does **Extrinsic Feedback** refer to?
Information provided by an external source
## Footnote
Such as a coach, trainer, or device.
113
What is the difference between **Knowledge of Results (KR)** and **Knowledge of Performance (KP)**?
* KR: Feedback about the outcome of performance
* KP: Feedback about movement pattern or technique
## Footnote
Both types of feedback are crucial for skill improvement.
114
What are **Fine Motor Skills**?
Require precision and small muscle groups
## Footnote
Examples include writing and buttoning a shirt.
115
What are **Gross Motor Skills**?
Use large muscle groups for powerful movements
## Footnote
Examples include running and throwing.
116
List the **stages of information processing**.
* Stimulus Identification (Perception)
* Response Selection (Decision Making)
* Response Programming (Action Initiation)
## Footnote
Each stage plays a role in how movements are planned and executed.
117
What is the **Rooting Reflex**?
Infant turns head toward cheek stimulation
## Footnote
Helps locate food.
118
Describe the **Moro Reflex**.
Startle response where arms spread out then retract
## Footnote
Acts as a protective mechanism.
119
What does the **Palmar Grasp Reflex** indicate?
Infant grasps an object placed in the palm
## Footnote
Important for early grip development.
120
What is the **Swimming Reflex**?
Infant makes swimming motions when placed horizontally in water
## Footnote
Disappears with maturation.
121
What does **Cephalo-Caudal** development refer to?
Development progresses from head to feet
## Footnote
Infants control head before sitting.
122
Define **Proximo-Distal** development.
Development proceeds from center of body outward
## Footnote
Infants use whole arm before fine hand movements.
123
What are **Critical Periods** in motor development?
Specific times when learning certain skills is easier
## Footnote
Examples include early childhood for balance.
124
What is **Reaction Time**?
Time between a stimulus and initiation of movement
## Footnote
Important in activities like sprint starts.
125
What does **Degrees of Freedom** refer to?
Many ways to move joints
## Footnote
Learners reduce and control options.
126
What is meant by **Serial Order** in motor behavior?
Actions occur in sequences
## Footnote
Examples include basketball layup steps.
127
Define **Perceptual-Motor Integration**.
Coupling of sensory information with movement
## Footnote
Examples include catching a ball.
128
What is **Progressive Development**?
Skills improve with growth and practice
## Footnote
Examples include crawling to walking.
129
What does **Regressive Development** mean?
Loss of skills due to aging, injury, or disease
## Footnote
Examples include balance decline in older adults.
130
What are the components of a **Neuron Structure**?
* Dendrites: receive signals
* Soma: processes signals
* Axon: sends signals
## Footnote
Essential for communication within the nervous system.
131
What is a **Motor Unit**?
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
## Footnote
Larger units are for powerful movements; smaller units for fine control.
132
What does the **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)** include?
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
## Footnote
Divided into sensory and motor divisions.
133
What is the role of the **Central Nervous System (CNS)**?
Processes information and coordinates responses
## Footnote
Includes brain and spinal cord.
134
What does the **Autonomic Motor Division** control?
Involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion
## Footnote
Has sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
135
What does the **Somatic Motor Division** control?
Voluntary skeletal muscle movements
## Footnote
Important for conscious control of movement.
136
What is **Sympathetic Nervous System** responsible for?
Activates fight-or-flight responses
## Footnote
Prepares the body for stressful situations.
137
What does the **Parasympathetic Nervous System** promote?
Rest-and-digest functions
## Footnote
Helps the body conserve energy.
138
What are **Neurotransmitters**?
Chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate
## Footnote
Essential for transmitting signals across synapses.
139
What is the **Dynamical Systems Theory**?
Movement emerges from the interaction of constraints
## Footnote
Constraints include organism, environmental, and task factors.
140
What does the **Motor Programming Theory** suggest?
Movement is controlled by pre-structured motor programs
## Footnote
Differentiates between open-loop and closed-loop control.
141
What is **Schema Theory**?
Learners develop generalized motor programs that adapt through practice
## Footnote
Important for skill transfer and adaptability.
142
Define **Contextual Interference**.
Learning improves when practice is varied and unpredictable
## Footnote
Challenges the learner and enhances retention.
143
What is **Attentional Focus**?
External focus enhances performance more than internal focus
## Footnote
Focus on effects of movement rather than body parts.
144
What are the **consequences of not using Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)**?
* Patient harm from unsafe or outdated treatments
* Ineffective or inefficient interventions
* Ethical and legal issues for professionals
* Lower quality of care and poorer outcomes
* Loss of trust in healthcare or fitness professionals
## Footnote
Failing to use EBP can lead to significant negative impacts on patient care and professional integrity.
145
Should we base decisions on **intuition or media popularity**?
No
## Footnote
Intuition is subjective and often inaccurate, while media trends are driven by marketing rather than scientific effectiveness.
146
When can a **harmful treatment** still be considered evidence-based?
If research shows benefits outweigh risks in certain conditions
## Footnote
For example, a surgeon may recommend a procedure with known complications because it offers the best chance of recovery for a severe injury.
147
What factors influence **Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)**?
* Patient characteristics
* Goals
* Histories
* Preferences
## Footnote
Age, motivation, income, comorbidities, and injury status shape what treatments are safe and appropriate.
148
What is the first step in the **scientific method**?
Define the Problem
## Footnote
Example: Are short bouts of high‑intensity exercise effective for reducing anxiety?
149
What databases do researchers use to **search the literature**?
* PubMed
* CINAHL
## Footnote
These databases help locate peer-reviewed studies.
150
What is an example of a **hypothesis** in scientific research?
'High‑intensity intervals will reduce anxiety more than low‑intensity walking.'
## Footnote
This hypothesis guides the research direction.
151
What is involved in the **design and performance of an experiment**?
* Select participants
* Choose interventions
* Implement standardized procedures
## Footnote
These steps ensure the experiment is conducted systematically.
152
What is the purpose of **analyzing the data** in research?
Use statistics to compare groups, test the hypothesis, and evaluate significance
## Footnote
This step is crucial for drawing valid conclusions.
153
What does it mean to **interpret the data**?
Explain what the results mean and how they compare to previous research
## Footnote
This step provides context for the findings.
154
What is the final step in the **scientific method**?
Report the Results
## Footnote
Findings are published in peer-reviewed journals.
155
What are the **characteristics of scientific research**?
* Methodical
* Reductive
* Measurable
* Logical
* Replicable
## Footnote
These characteristics ensure research is conducted rigorously.
156
Define **independent variable (IV)**.
The variable that is manipulated (e.g., exercise intensity)
## Footnote
IV is crucial for determining cause-and-effect relationships.
157
Define **dependent variable (DV)**.
The outcome being measured (e.g., heart rate, anxiety levels)
## Footnote
DV reflects the effects of the independent variable.
158
What are **control variables**?
Variables held constant (e.g., time of day, equipment used)
## Footnote
Control variables help isolate the effects of the independent variable.
159
What are **primary sources** in research?
Original research studies that collect new data (e.g., randomized trials)
## Footnote
Primary sources provide firsthand evidence.
160
What are **secondary sources**?
Summaries or evaluations of existing studies (e.g., review articles or meta‑analyses)
## Footnote
Secondary sources analyze and synthesize primary research.
161
What defines **high-quality evidence**?
* Peer-reviewed
* Well-controlled
* Transparent methods
* Large sample sizes
## Footnote
High-quality evidence is essential for reliable conclusions.
162
What defines **low-quality evidence**?
* Blogs
* Anecdotal reports
* Biased sources
* Non‑controlled studies
## Footnote
Low-quality evidence can mislead and lacks scientific rigor.
163
Define **bias** in research.
Systematic error in study design or interpretation that influences results
## Footnote
Bias can significantly affect the validity of research findings.
164
What is a **confounding variable**?
An uncontrolled factor that may affect outcomes, weakening conclusions
## Footnote
Confounding variables can obscure the true relationship between IV and DV.
165
What are the **levels of evidence**?
Hierarchy ranking research quality: meta‑analyses and RCTs are highest; expert opinion lowest
## Footnote
Understanding levels of evidence helps assess the reliability of research.
166
What are the **patient characteristics** in the mini case study?
* 25-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher
* Recovering from Tommy John surgery
* Motivated, insured, mid‑income, physically active
## Footnote
These characteristics influence the approach to rehabilitation.
167
What are the **goals** of the patient in the mini case study?
Wants to return safely to competitive pitching with full strength and range of motion
## Footnote
Goals must align with evidence-based practices for effective recovery.
168
What is the **health history** of the patient in the mini case study?
* Recent elbow reconstruction
* No chronic illness
* Follows surgical rehab protocol
* Prescribed anti‑inflammatory medication
## Footnote
Health history is crucial for tailoring rehabilitation strategies.
169
How do patient details impact **EBP**?
Rehabilitation must respect tissue healing timelines and avoid overloading the elbow
## Footnote
Evidence-based exercises for pitching recovery must integrate with the athlete’s goals.
170
What is the **sagittal plane** associated with?
Forward/backward motion (e.g., flexion/extension)
## Footnote
It occurs around a mediolateral axis.
171
What type of motion indicates the **frontal plane**?
Side-to-side motion
## Footnote
It occurs around an anteroposterior axis.
172
What type of motion indicates the **transverse plane**?
Rotational motion
## Footnote
It occurs around a longitudinal axis.
173
Give two examples of motion in the **sagittal plane**.
* Walking
* Squatting
## Footnote
These activities involve forward and backward movements.
174
What is **Newton’s First Law** in real life?
* A soccer ball remains still until kicked
* A passenger lunges forward when a car stops suddenly
## Footnote
This illustrates the concept of inertia.
175
Name three **measurement tools** used in biomechanics.
* Force plate
* EMG
* Motion capture
## Footnote
These tools measure various aspects of biomechanics.
176
What does the **Sliding Filament Theory** describe?
Actin and myosin filaments form cross-bridges, myosin heads pull actin inward
## Footnote
This process shortens the sarcomere and produces force.
177
Provide an example of **concentric**, **eccentric**, and **isometric** muscle actions.
* Concentric: rising from a chair
* Eccentric: lowering into a squat
* Isometric: holding a wall sit
## Footnote
These actions describe different types of muscle contractions.
178
What happens to **concentric force** as shortening speed increases?
It decreases
## Footnote
Eccentric force increases with lengthening speed, making it the strongest.
179
Give examples of **linear** and **angular** motion.
* Linear: skiing straight downhill
* Angular: baseball bat swing
## Footnote
These examples illustrate different types of motion.
180
What are the **kinematics** questions for a chosen sport like tennis?
* How fast is the racket moving?
* What is the trunk rotation angle?
* How long is foot contact?
## Footnote
These questions focus on the motion aspects.
181
What are examples of **external force**, **internal force**, and **torque** in volleyball?
* External: gravity pulling player downward
* Internal: quadriceps contracting during jump
* Torque: shoulder torque during spike
## Footnote
These forces and torques are crucial in understanding movement.
182
What is the formula for **Work**?
Work = Force × Distance
## Footnote
This formula is fundamental in biomechanics.
183
What is the formula for **Power**?
Power = Work / Time
## Footnote
This formula relates to the rate of doing work.
184
What is the formula for **Acceleration**?
Acceleration = ΔVelocity / Time
## Footnote
This formula describes how velocity changes over time.
185
Name three additional **biomechanics concepts**.
* Impulse
* Momentum
* Center of mass
## Footnote
These concepts are important in understanding motion.
186
What are the **learning stages** for catching a ball?
* Verbal-cognitive: awkward, unsure hand position
* Associative: improving timing
* Autonomous: catches effortlessly while walking
## Footnote
These stages represent the progression of skill acquisition.
187
What are the types of **practice organization** using basketball?
* Random: alternating layups, free throws, passes
* Blocked: 20 layups in a row
* Distributed: drills with frequent breaks
* Massed: long drill with minimal rest
## Footnote
These methods affect skill learning and retention.
188
What are examples of **feedback** in gymnastics?
* Interoceptive: sensing body alignment
* Exteroceptive: seeing landing position
* Intrinsic: feeling balance
* Extrinsic: coach correction
* KR: 'You stuck the landing.'
* KP: 'Straighten knees during takeoff.'
## Footnote
Feedback is crucial for skill improvement.
189
Provide three examples of **fine** and **gross motor** skills.
* Fine: tying shoes, writing, threading a needle
* Gross: running, kicking a ball, jumping rope
## Footnote
These skills differ in complexity and muscle involvement.
190
What is the **information processing** sequence when catching a frisbee?
* Stimulus: seeing frisbee trajectory
* Decision: choose to move forward
* Programming: arm extends and hands close
## Footnote
This sequence illustrates cognitive processing in motor tasks.
191
Describe the **reflex** responses for a non-major.
* Rooting: baby turns toward touch on cheek
* Moro: startle response
* Palmar grasp: baby grips finger
* Swimming: baby imitates swimming motions
## Footnote
These reflexes are innate responses observed in infants.
192
What are real-life examples of **motor principles**?
* Cephalo-caudal: baby lifts head before standing
* Proximo-distal: control shoulder before hand
* Critical period: language acquisition
* Reaction time: track start
* Degrees of freedom: simplifying movement early
* Serial order: steps in a layup
* Perceptual-motor integration: catching
* Progressive: learning to dribble
* Regressive: motor decline with age
## Footnote
These principles illustrate developmental patterns in motor skills.
193
What are the parts of a **neuron**?
* Dendrite (receives)
* Soma (processes)
* Axon (sends)
## Footnote
These components are essential for neural communication.
194
What is the role of the **PNS**?
Nerves outside CNS, voluntary/involuntary
## Footnote
The PNS connects the CNS to limbs and organs.
195
What is the role of the **CNS**?
Brain/spinal cord
## Footnote
The CNS processes information and coordinates responses.
196
What does the **autonomic nervous system** control?
Involuntary functions
## Footnote
It regulates bodily functions without conscious control.
197
What does the **somatic motor system** control?
Voluntary control
## Footnote
It is responsible for conscious movement.
198
What are examples of **social determinants** influencing exercise participation?
* Gender
* SES
* Education
* Age
* Self-efficacy
## Footnote
These factors can significantly affect an individual's ability to engage in physical activity.
199
What are three additional **Unit 3 concepts**?
* Enjoyment as predictor of adherence
* Behavior contracting
* Social ecological model
## Footnote
These concepts are important for understanding exercise behavior.
200
What is the formula for **BMI**?
BMI = kg/m²
## Footnote
It measures weight category, not body fat.
201
What are the **system roles** in exercise physiology?
* Cardiovascular: transport O2
* Skeletal muscle: force production
* Neuroendocrine: hormonal regulation
* Respiratory: gas exchange
## Footnote
These systems work together to support physical activity.
202
What are the **fuel sources** for energy production?
* ATP-PC: stored ATP + PC
* Glycolysis: glucose
* Oxidative: fats + carbs
## Footnote
These sources provide energy for different types of activities.
203
What are the **activity examples** per energy system?
* ATP-PC: shot put
* Glycolysis: 200–400 m sprint
* Oxidative: 5k run
## Footnote
These examples illustrate how different energy systems are utilized.
204
What are the **assessments** for aerobic and anaerobic fitness?
* Aerobic: VO₂max test
* Anaerobic: Wingate
## Footnote
These assessments measure different aspects of fitness.
205
What are three more **Exercise Physiology concepts**?
* Lactate threshold
* EPOC
* Cardiac output = HR × SV
## Footnote
These concepts are vital for understanding exercise responses.
206
What does exercise improve?
* State anxiety
* Trait anxiety
* Depression
* Self-esteem
* Mood
* Stress
* Sleep
## Footnote
Regular physical activity has numerous psychological benefits.
207
What is the **scientific method**?
A systematic approach to research
## Footnote
It involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion.
208
What are examples of **external** and **internal validity**?
* External validity: generalizability of results
* Internal validity: accuracy of causal conclusions
## Footnote
These concepts are crucial for evaluating research quality.
209
What does **randomization** ensure in research?
Eliminates bias in assigning participants
## Footnote
It enhances the reliability of study results.
Kin 101
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