1
Q
Define Zoology
A
Zoology is the study of animals
2
Q
Why is a sponge an animal
A
Multicellular, heterotrophic, reproduce sexually
3
Q
Classification grouping, most to least general
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species
4
Q
Naming system to identify animals
A
Binomial nomenclature created by Carl Von Lenne
5
Q
What is a species
A
Group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
6
Q
What is closer related, horse fly and house fly, or cichlid to human
A
Horse and house fly, closer taxonomic ranking, until spiting and becoming more specific
7
Q
Define Organic evolution
A
Small changes over time
8
Q
What happened with the cichlid fish of Africa, what was effected from the Nile Perch on cichlid and the lake
A
-Cichlid population decreased significantly near exctintion
-Lake quality deteriorated drastically
9
Q
Increased human populations where
A
Europe, Eastern and south Eastern Asia, China, Japan, Latin America and the Caribbean
10
Q
Prokaryote
A
Bacteria, no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus
11
Q
Eukaryote
A
Has a shell around cells (all plants)
Essential Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
12
Q
Organelle
A
Structure inside a cell with specific function
13
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Has cytosol and cytoskeletons
14
Q
Do fungi, plants, and animals have eukaryotic cells
A
Yes
15
Q
Cells
A
Most fundemental life
16
Q
Nucleus
A
The computer
17
Q
Mitochondria
A
Powerhouse of the cell
18
Q
Vaults
A
Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels and aid in transport of RNA
19
Q
Cilia
A
Tiny hair like and short
20
Q
Flagella
A
Long tails, fast, spiral movement
21
Q
What limits cell size
A
Surface area to volume ratio
22
Q
Structure of a plasma cell membrane
A
Phospholipid bilayer carbophydrates, proteins cholesterol (phospholipids and proteins)
23
Q
Plasma cell membrane function
A
Selectively permeable, site for receptors, separates cells and organelles
24
Q
Change in understanding cytoplasm over the last 50 years
A
Cytoskeleton is very complex and not just like a jelly
25
What is selective permeability of cells
Cell membrane that allows some molecules in or not
26
What is a concentration gradient as it relates to cell membranes
Concentration of a substance is unequal on the 2 sides of the membrane, difference in number of particles per unit volume
27
Hyptertonic
Cells swell and burst, (low water) high levels
28
Hypotonic
Shriveled (high water) low levels
29
Isotonic
Normal, regular water
30
What is filtration
forced across a membrane due to force/pressure
31
Facilitated diffusion
Concentration gradient provides energy needed, special protein allows molecules to pass through
32
What is active transport
Moves molecules across a selectively permeable membrane needs ATP
(lower to higher)
33
What transport requires ATP energy
Active transport
Energy from food and H2O metabolism
34
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from high to low
35
osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
36
What is ATP and what does it do
Energy carrier in the cells, helps animals have energy (cell energy)
37
Difference between ATP and ADP
ATP-Energy or carrier cell
ADP-Split from ATP after a phosphate is broken off to release energy
38
Autotroph
Makes its own food (plants)
39
Heterotroph
Eats to obtain energy (animals)
40
Where does all energy animals need come from
Food, sun, ATP
41
What is glycoysis
Matabolic sequence of turning glucose into pyruvate and ATP energy
42
What does anaerobic mean
Without oxygen
43
2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough and smooth
44
Cytoskeleton
A network of interconnected filaments and tubules
45
Difference between cilia and flagella
Cilia is smaller than flagella
46
What is binomial nomenclature
No 2 animals have the same name genus and species epithet
47
What is taxon
Group of animals that share a particular set of characteristics
48
What is the hierarchy of taxonomic classifications
Broader to most specific
49
Taxon of humans
D-Eukaryota, K-Animalia, P-Chordata, C-Mammilia, O-Primates, F-Hominidae, G-Homo, S-Sapien
50
Goal of animal systematics
Arrange animals into group that reflects evolutionary relationship
51
Cladogram
Tree diagram that depicts a sequence in the origin of derived character states
52
Asymmetry
Cannot be cut in half evenly, sponges
53
Radial Symmetry
Cutting through the orbital axis, in mirror images
54
Bilateral Symmetry
Cut in half evenly
55
Distal
Away from point of attachment or reference
56
Proximal
Towards the point of attachment or reference
57
Ventral
Belly/front of the animal
(if the animal walks upright its the posterier)
58
Anterior
Towards the head
59
Posterior
Towards the tail
60
Aboral
Opposite side of the mouth
61
Cephalic
Towards the head
62
Superior
Above the point of reference
63
Inferior
Below the point of reference
64
Diptoblastic organization
Ectoderm, Endoderm
65
Triploblastic organization
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
66
Ectoderm
Heat from outside tissue layer
67
Endoderm
Heat from inside the tissue layer
68
Animal Phylum porifera
Sponges
69
Sessile meaning
Doesn't move, moves once then anchors
70
Do sponges have nerves
No they lack nerves
71
What do Choanocytes do
Flagellated cells that have a collar like ring of microvilli surrounding a flagellum/how they get food
72
What is a spicule
Formed by amoeboid cells, are made of calcium carbonate or silica and may take on a variety of shapes. Typically needle like
73
Monoecious
Both sexes occur in the same organism
74
How do sponges reproduce
Monoecious and asexually
75
Cnidocyte
Unarmed tube that wraps around prey
Anchors prey, food gathering, defense
76
2 general body forms of Cnidaria
Polyp and medusa
77
Dioicous
2 sexes for reproduction
78
Cnidarian class that has freshwater organisms
Hydrozoa
79
What is a Cnidarian medusa
Dioecious and free swiming
80
Sea anemones share a class (anthaozoa) with stony and soft ____
Coral
81
Why are coral limited to shallow waters
Light-Photosynthesis for algae (zooxanthellae)
Temperatures
Environmental disturbances
82
Are comb jellies more closely related to sea walnuts or true jellyfish
Sea walnuts, are a type of comb jelly
83
Method of locomotion used by Ctenophora
8 Rows of cob like plates, ctenes
Rows coordinate beating/pulsing cillia
84
3 classes of flatworm parasites
Monogenea
Trematoda
Cestoidea
85
Non parasitic free living worm
Turbellaria--> Mostrly free-living flat worms
(includes planarion)
86
Characteristics of Flatworms
Dorsoventrally flat, triploblastic, acoelmate, bilaterally symmetrical
87
Dorsoventrally flat
Flat, squished
88
Acolemate
No body cavity
89
Turbellarians have an incomplete digestive tract meaning what
Same way in and out of the organism
90
Protonephridia
Basic versions of kidneys
Osmoregulation--> Maintaining a balance of water and electrolytes (salts)
91
Flame cells
Cillia that move back and forth creates a current
92
Eyespots/ocelli orient the animals to light
Light-sensing organ, eye spots are more than just markings
93
Turbellarians have cerebral ganglia
Basic brain to control the nerves
(similar to primitive brain)
94
Zoid
the breaking or spliting from reproduction
95
Zoid reproduction
Asexual reproduction
--Anterior zoid
--Posterior zoid
Monoecious
--Multiple testes and ovaries, taking and giving
96
Phylum of trematodes
Flatworms
97
Class trematode
Fluke
98
Ectoparasite
An animal that lives on the outside of the host:
flees, tics, mites, flies
99
Tapeworm class
Platyhelminthes castoda
100
Scolex
The head either armed or unarmed with hooks
101
Neck
Growth and reproduction unsegmented right behind the scolex
102
Strobila
Mature reproductive organs, responsible for the reproduction and release of eggs
103
Why cysticerci is important knowledge for humans
Infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium.
Causes seizures, headaches
Important so humans know to be careful handling raw meats and cook it properly.
104
2 main parts of mollusks
Headfoot and viseral mass
105
Purpose of the mantle cavity related to respiration
Excretion, gas exchange, elimination of digestive wastes and releases of reproductive products
106
Function of mantle
Secretion of a calcareous shell and covers visceral mass
107
Bivalve example
Clam, oyster, mussel, scallop
30,000 species
108
How do bivalves eat
filter feeders
109
The process of unionidae freshwater mussels parasitic larvae
Mussels mimic the prey of a bass to lure it to bite. Once bitten mussel shoots out the young and they latch onto the gills of the fish. Falling off once older/bigger
110
Why are feshwater mussels having a difficult time
They are being ignored
111
What is a pearl and how it is formed
Nacre and buildups from irritants inside of the shell
112
What is a gastropod
Snails, limpets and slugs
Largest group of mollusks
113
Radula identification and function
Feeding, acting like a rasp or scraper (rasping foot) to tear food. Scrape particles from the surfaces
114
Torsion
180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass, mantles and mantle cavity during development
115
How could torsion be advantageous for gatropods
Head enters shell first
Clean water enters anteriorly oriented mantle cavity opening
116
Protostyle
Mass of food and mucus ball that gets passed through the digestive system
117
Cephalopoda 4 major animal groups
Squid, Cuttlefish, Octopus and Nautilus
118
Do cephalopod (headfoot) have brains
Yes
119
Chromatophores
Pigmented cells that help them change color
(through reflecting or producing)
120
Metamerism
Segmental arrangement of body parts and internal organ structures
121
Parapoda
Paired lateral extension of the body wall in each segment
122
Setae
Stiff and bristle like, on invertebrates like earthworms and insects
123
Epitoky
Formation of a reproductive individual that differs from the non reproductive form
(Sexually immature to sexually mature, worm changes to reproductive swimming)
124
Metanephridium
Nephrostome, bladder, tubule
Active transport between blood and niphridium
125
Clitellum and its function
Girth like, secrete mucus and helps create a cocoon
126
Difference between leech and earthworm circulation
Earthworms have closed circulatory system, blood is contained and pumped by hearts
Leeches have open circulatory system, blood is no confined and flows freely
127
Prostomium
Lobe projecting dorsally and anteriorly from mouth, contains many sensory structures
128
Proboscis
Modified mouth
A long mouth that can sometimes extent
(like a butterfly, worms can have hooks)
129
Tagmatization
Process that enables different regions of the body to perform different functions
130
Exosckeleton
Hard, external, armor-like covering that provides support, protection, and muscle attachment
131
Ecdysis
Molting
132
Chelicerae
Pair of appendages in front of the mouth some have more like pincer-like claws
133
How are exoskeletons advantageous
Protective armor, point for muscle attachment to enable movement and a barrier against water loss
134
Prosoma
Fused head and thorax (ex. cephelathorax in spiders)
135
What are pedipalps and what are they used for in spiders
Second pair of appendages on the Cephalothorax of arachnids.
Used for sensory perception, manipulation of prey and reproduction
136
Difference between centipedes and millipedes
Centipedes-Predators with flat bodies and 1 pair of legs per segment
Millipedes-Detritivores with cylindrical bodies and 2 pairs of legs per segments
137
Mouth part of insect-Labrum
Sensory upper lip
138
Mouth part of insect-Labium
Sensory lower lip
139
Mouth part of insect-Maxilla
Cutting sensory
140
Mouth part of insect-Mandibles
Grinding sensory
141
3 tagmenta of insects
Head, thorax, abdomen
142
What fertilization most needed for insects
Internal fertilization, copulation
143
3 types of metamorphosis in insects
Ametabolous, Hemimetabolous, Holometabolous
144
Ametablous
No meamorphosis, small change
egg->Adult
145
Hemimetabolous
Incomplete/gradual, gradual changes
egg-> nymph-> adult
146
Holometabolous
Complete metamorphosis, distinct changes
egg-> larva-> pupa-> adult
147
Caste in insect colonies
Queen, solider, worker, drone
148
Insect colony-Queen
Primary reproductive female who lays eggs and starts new colonies
149
Insect colony-Worker
Typically sterile, wingless, females that handle tasks like foraging, nest maintenance and caring for young and queen
150
Insect colony-Soldier
Sterile, specialized in defending the colony from threats
151
Insect colony-Drones
Reproduce with female and then die
152
4 insect orders from class
Coleoptera-Beetles
Lepidoptera-Moths & Butterflies
Biptera-Flies
Hymenoptera-Saw flies, wasps, & bees
153
2 tagmenta of crustaceans
Cephalothorax, Abdomen
154
Biramous
2 ends/points
155
Green gland function in crayfish
Premitive kidney, filter blood regulate water and salt balance. Removes excess water
156
Importance of copeods
Food source in aquatic ecosystems, link in ocean food webs.
157
branchiopoda taxon
Fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas
158
What are isopods
Rolly Pollies
159
Class mynxi
Hagfish
160
Class Petromyzotida
Lampreys
161
Class Chondrichthyes
Shark, rays ratfish
162
what fish are teleosts
Modern boney fish, goldfish, salmon, tuna catfish
163
Ram Ventilation
Breathing method where fish swim to force water over their gills
164
What fish use ram ventilation
Fast -swimming sharks, tuna, and mackerel
165
Swim bladder function
Assists in buoyancy control, staying at a desired depth. Some species use it for sound and hearing
166
Lateral line function
Detect water movement, vibrations, hunt, pressure changes, assists in navigation
167
What organ(s) regulate osmoregulation in fish
Gills, Kidneys, Intestines (marine species)
Rectal gland (sharks)
168
Difference between freshwater fish and salt water fish regarding osmoregulation
Freshwater keep salts in and remove the excess water.
Saltwater keep water in and removes excess salt
169
Rectal gland function in sharks
Helps excrete excess salts and maintain osmotic balance in a salty environment
170
What is a cloaca
Single chamber that collects and expels digestive urinary and reproductive materials. Like a “one-exit” system
171
Diadromous meaning
Species that migrate between freshwater and saltwater naturally through their life. Adapting their osmoregulation to survive in both environments.
172
What fish are not in infraphylum Vertebrate
Hagfish, no backbone
173
Double life refers to what type of creature, and how does skin affect it
Double life refers to living on land and in water
Affected through cutanious regulation, permeable skin needing to stay wet for gas exchange
174
Order Anurans
Frogs
175
Order Amphibia
Salamanders
176
Gas exhange across the skin is what
Cutanious regulation
177
How do amphibians force air into their lungs
Forcing it through gulping
178
Endothermic
Warm-blooded generating internal heat
179
Ectothermic
Cold-blooding relying on external heat
180
What organism has caused a global decline in amphibians
Chytrid fungus, microscopic pathogen causing skin disease called chytridiomycosis
181
Tuatara
Reptile in New Zealand, skull is different from lizard, threatened by cats
182
Order Testudine
Turtle
183
Order Squamata
Snakes
184
Dorsal/top of turtle shell
Carapace
185
Ventral/bottom of turtle shell
Plastron
186
Venom glands
Modified oral tissues, salivary glands in snakes
187
Hibernacula
Hibernation locations for animals like reptiles, amphibians, and insects
188
Jacobson organ function
Sense Chemical changes
189
Define plumage
Covering of the feathers on a bird
190
Define Anting
Taking ants and rubbing them on the feather to use the formic acid to remove parasites and bacteria
191
Define airfoil
Birds using aerodynamics property of wings to control their flight
192
Difference in skeleton of birds to help with flight
Light weight, hollow, strut-renforced (Pnuematic) bones, reducing their weight
193
Function of the crop organ
Storage of the food below esophagus, will start softening food. Connects to the gizzard.
194
Voice box in birds
Syrnix
195
Polygynous meaning
1 male mulitple females
196
Polyandrous meaning
1 female multiple males
197
Monogamous meaning
1 female and 1 male
198
Clutch in terms of birds
A group of eggs in a single nesting
199
Difference between altricial and precocial
Altricial is when young are born dependent on their parents to care for them
Precocial is when young can mosty independent after birth
200
Oviparous
Lays eggs
201
Viviparous
Live birth
202
Wishbone in a bird
Furcula
203
What mammals are oviparous, what subclass
Momotremes-Platypus and echindas
204
What mammals are pouched mammals
Marsupials-Kangaroos, possums, koalas, wombats, Tasmanian devils
205
What are the key traits of mammals
Mammary glands
Hair or fur
Warm-blooded (endothermic)
4 chambered heart
206
5 characteristics of phylum chordata
Thyroid gland
Postanal tail
Notacord
Pharangeal slits
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
207
Sudoriferous Gland function
Sweat, regulates temperature
208
Sebaceous Gland function
Lubrication and waterproofing, producing an oily layer
209
Mammary Gland function
Produce milk for newborns
210
Eccrine Gland function
Sweats to cool the body for thermoregulation
211
Apocrine Gland function
Secrete fatty odorless sweat, can make body odor from bacteria
212
Importance of secondary palate in mammals
Separates the oral and nasal cavities. Allows for mammals to breathe and eat/chew at the same time
213
Deciduous teeth
Baby teeth with only one set of permanent teeth
214
What are canine teeth
The long, pointed teeth next to your incisors, adapted for grasping and tearing food
215
Specializations in herbivores allowing for digestion of cellulose
-Large fermentation vats
-Housing symbiotic microbes
Causing the breakdown of cellulose
216
Function of the diaphragm in mammals
main muscle for breathing, contracting to inflate lungs and relaxing to push air out
217
Difference between winter sleep and hibernation
-Winter sleep (or torpor) is a less extreme, short-term energy-saving mode
-Hibernation is a deep, long-term survival state with drastically lowered body temperature, heart rate, and metabolism
218
Define estrus cycle
Recurring series of hormonal and physical changes in female mammals preparing their bodies for potential pregnancy
219
What are the male sex hormones
Testosterone
220
What are female gonads called
Ovaries
221
What is the oviduct, and ovulation
Oviduct (Fallopian tube) connects the ovaries to the uterus
Ovulation is when the oviduct produces a mature egg into the abdominal cavity
222
What controls ovulation and menstruation
hormonal dialogue between the brain (hypothalamus and pituitary gland) and the ovaries
223
What does the placenta do
Act as the fetus's lungs, kidneys, and digestive system, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste, and to produce hormones crucial for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal growth
224
Zoology
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