Covering of feathers on a bird called what
Plumage
6 Listed uses for feathers from the textbook
-Lift and steering
-Permitting endothermic maintenance of high metabolic rates
-Aerodynamic surface
-Water proofing
-Insulation
-Courtship
2 Main types of feathers
Pennaceous and plumaceous
Plumaceous feathers
Soft, fluffy, downy feathers that lack the interlocking hooks (barbules) of flight feathers
Insulation
Pennaceous feathers
Typical stiff, flat feathers with the central shaft (rachis) and interlocking barbules. helps with streamlining and flight
Contour feathers
-Cover the base of flight feathers, waterproofing, streamlining, and insulation
-Outermost covering of birds body, wings, and tail
Semi-plume feathers
Fluffy insulating structure
Hidden under other feathers such as contour
Tail feathers
Balancing, steering, and breaking, rear lift or descent
symmetrical
Wing feathers
Generate majority of propulsive force of flight
Asymmetrical
Why is molting important
Worn out feathers will be replaced, ensuring healthy plumage for efficient flight, insulation, protection and courtship displays
Pectoralis muscles
Pulls the wing towards the body, by keel of the sternum
Supracoracoideus muscles
Allows the wings to be pushed up with no use of energy like a spring, inner of the sternum
On coracoid bone (above sternum)
Sternum
Covered in muscles, major flight muscles are attached. Juts out from the middle of the bird
Furcula
Wishbone. Braces the pectoral girdle against the sternum, another point of attachment for muscle. Sticks out above sternum from collarbone
Keel
Not a bone but an lower extension of the sternum, addition attachment for the muscles, ribs keep it in place
Difference between human and bird bones
Human bones are dense while bird, pneumatic bones are hollow and therefore lighter
Esophagus function
Takes food to crop
Crop
Storage of the food below esophagus, will start softening food. Connects to the gizzard
Gizzard
Will grind and break down the food for the bird
Proventriculus
First stage of digestion, breaks down food prepping it for the gizzard.
After crop before gizzard
Why might there be pieces of gravel in the gizzard
Sand or other small rocks will help with digestion and breaking down the food
Intestine
Small intestine most of the digestion and absorption
Pancrease
Located between the upper coils of the intestine
Helps breakdown food through digestive enzymes
Heart
4 Chamber organ pumps blood through the body
