1
Q
Thermosetting plastics
A
Plastics that are hardened into a permanent shape in the manufacturing process and are not subject to softening when reheated
Examples:
- Vulcanized rubber
- Bakelite
2
Q
Thermoplastics
A
Synthetic material made from the polymerization of organic compounds….Can be reheated, melted, and remolded into new shapes
3
Q
Exit access examples
A
- Corridor leading to the exit opening
- Aisle within an assembly occupancy that is designed to accomodate and conduct people to an exit
- Pathway leading from inside a space to an exit
- Unenclosed ramp or stairs
- Occupied room or space
4
Q
Exit examples
A
- Doors at ground level that lead directly to the outside of the building
- Exit passageway to the outside: 1. Must be constructed of the same fire resistance material as exit stairs; 2. Must be wide enough to accomodate total capacity of all exits that discharge through it
- Horizontal exit - Require 2 hr walls; 1.5 hr doors
- Stairway that is enclosed by fire-resistance rated walls and self closing doors (Smokeproof enclosure) - Provide the highest degree of fire protection of stair enclosures that the model codes require
5
Q
Exit discharge examples
A
- Exterior walkway along the side of a structure from the exit to a public way
- Privately owned driveway or alley that connects exit to public way
6
Q
Ramp dimensions
A
- 44 inches wide w/ a maximum slope of 1 ft of rise for every 12 ft of horizontal distance
- Max length - 30 ft without a landing
7
Q
Required # of exits
A
- 500 or less = 2
- 500-1000 = 3
- 1000 + = 4
8
Q
Location of exits
one-half diagonal rule
A
- When 2 exits are required, they are to be located not less than one-half the length of the overall diagonal dimension of the room.
- 3 exits+ : at least 2 will meet the minimum separation requirements
9
Q
Dead-end corridor
A
Condition that exists when a corridor has no outlet to a means of egress and is more than 20 ft in length
10
Q
Primary feeders
A
- Arterial mains
- 16-72 inches
- Rarely attached to hydrants
11
Q
Secondary feeders
A
- 12-14 inches
- Each can be isolated by control valves
12
Q
Distributors
A
- 6-8 inches
- Serve individual hydrants and commercial and residential consumers
13
Q
Control valves on water mains
A
- Should be exercised once a year
- Max lengths for valve spacing should be 500 ft in high value districts and 800 ft in other areas
14
Q
Wet-pipe sprinkler system
A
Continually charged w/ water under pressure
15
Q
Dry-pipe sprinkler system
A
Continually charged w/ air under pressure
16
Q
Deluge sprinkler system
A
- Open sprinklers attached to unpressurized dry pipes
- Activated when a detection device senses fire
- All sprinklers discharge water simultaneously
17
Q
Preaction sprinkler system
A
- Continually charged with air that may or may not be under pressure
- Only operates when both a sprinkler opens and a detection device in the same area activate the water-flow control valve
18
Q
Antifreeze sprinkler system
A
- Wet-pipe system continually charged with antifreeze solution
- Antifreeze solution must be changed once a year
19
Q
Circulating closed-loop sprinkler system
A
- Wet-pipe system that uses the sprinkler system to circulate water for non-fire protection building services such as heating and cooling
- Closed system in which water is not removed unless sprinklers are activated
20
Q
Combined dry pipe and preaction sprinkler system
A
- Continually charged w/ air pressure combined w/ a detection system that controls the operation of the water-flow control valve
- The detection system activates water-control valve, the release of pressurized air in the system and the facility alarm
- When charged w/ water, activation of the individual sprinklers will discharge water
- Rare and only installed on large wharves where large stockpiles are found
21
Q
Gridded sprinkler system
A
- System of parallel cross mains connected by multiple branch lines
- Activated heads will receive water from both mains
- Advantage of water flow to the heads from multiple directions
22
Q
Looped sprinkler system
A
- Interconnected cross mains that provide multiple routes for water to reach any point in the system
- Branch lines are not interconnected
- Common design because of advantage of water flow from multiple directions
23
Q
Multicycle sprinkler system
A
- Designed to operate repeatedly in response to a detection device
- Turns on and off based on the demand indicated by the detection device
24
Q
Water supply for Class I and Class III standpipe systems must provide the following
A
- 500 gpm for 30 minutes with a residual pressure of 100 psi at the most hydraulically remote 2½” outlet
- Min of 65 psi for most remote 1½” outlet
- If more than one standpipe is required, 250 gpm for each additional riser to a max of 2,500 gpm
- Horizontal standpipe systems that supply 3 or more Class I or III hose stations, a min of 750 gpm is required…
- Class II 100 gpm for 30 min … 65 psi residual
25
3 reasons for a 2½" outlet on roof for Class I or III systems
1. Combustible roof
2. Combustible structure or equipment on the roof
3. Exposures that present a fire hazard
26
Pressure restricting devices
* Each standpipe discharge is fitted w/ a restricting orifice w/ different sizes being required for each floor and application
* Limited to systems with 1½" hose discharges and 175 psi max pressure
* Not preferred
27
Pressure-control devices
* Preferred for managing excessive pressure
* Considered most reliable - use pitot gauge to read and automatically reduce
28
Pressure-reducing devices
* Preferred for managing excessive pressure
* Use a spring mechanism that dompensates for variations in pressure
* Balance available pressure within a system with pressure required for hoseline
29
CO2 systems are designed to deliver at least \_\_\_% concentration of CO2
34%
* High pressure = 850 psi
* Low pressure = 300 psi @ 0oF
30
In areas where class K fires are likely, the maximum travel distance from the hazard to the extinguisher is \_\_\_
30ft
31
Common conditions that can generate a static discharge
* Nonconductive fluids flowing through pipes
* Liquids breaking into drops and drops hitting liquid or solid surfaces
* Air, gas, or steam flowing from an opening in a hose or pipe (especially w/ cryogenics)
* Pulverized materials, traveling thu chutes or pneumatic transfer devices
* Slurry loading of materials including explosive, animal feed, or waste processing
* Belts in motion
* Moving vehicles
**Note: Generation of static electricity cannot be prevented**
32
Heated quenching
* Temps range from 200º to 400o
* Normal flash point is 500o
* A quenching oil should never be allowed to be within 50o of its flash point
33
Unheated quenching
* Temps from 100o to 200o
* Flash point of 300o
34
Automatic-wet standpipe system
* Contains water in the system
* Water supply control valve is open
* Pressure is maintained at all times
35
Automatic-dry standpipe system
* Contains air under pressure
* Water is admitted by the operation of a valve controlled by an electrical switch located at each hose station
* Disadvantage of greater cost and maintenence
36
Semiautomatic-dry standpipe system
* Contains unpressurized air in the system
* Admits water through the use of a dry-pipe valve when hose is opened
37
Manual-dry standpipe system
* Contains unpressurized air in pipes
* Has no permanent water supply
* Water must be supplied thru FDC
38
Manual-wet standpipe system
* Maintains water from a domestic fill connection in the piping for the purpose of detecting leaks in the system
* No permanently connected water source is attached
* Water must provided thru FDC
39
Heat energy comes from one or more of the following sources
1. Chemical
2. Mechanical
3. Electrical
4. Light
5. Nuclear
40
Factors that influence fire development in a compartment
* Fuel type
* Availability and location of additional fuels
* Compartment volume and ceiling height
* Ventilation
* Thermal properties of the compartment
* Ambient conditions (wind, temp, humidity)
* Effects of changing conditions
41
Every structure is composed of the following building elements
1. Structural fram
2. Load bearing walls; interior and extertior
3. Exterior nonbearing walls and partitions
4. Interior nonbearing walls and partitions
5. Floor construction
6. Roof construction
42
Assembly occupancies are used for the gathering of ___ or more persons
50
Churches, synagogues, mosques, restaurants, theaters, arenas
43
Assembly occupancy classes
* Class A: 1000+
* Class B: 301-1000
* Class C: 50-300
44
**Residential board and care occupancies** are locations where lodging, boarding, and personal care are provided to ___ or more residents who are unrelated to the owner
* 4
* Staff members are responsible for safety and welfare of residents but do not provide medical or nursing care
* Can be classified as slow, prompt, impractical for evac purposes
45
Educations occupancy
* 6 or more; Pre-school-12th grade
46
Health care occupancies
* 4 or more
* Cannot evac without assistance from staff
47
Rooming House
* Provide 24 hour accomdations for **16** or fewer individuals for rent
48
Dormitory
* 16 or more persons
49
Solubility
Extent to which a substance will mix with water
50
Piloted ignition
* When a mixture of fuel and ogygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat energy to start combustion process
* Most common
51
Autoignition
* Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors
* **Autoignition temperature** - Temp to which the surface of a substance must be heated for ignition to occur
* AIT is always higher than its piloted ignition temp
52
Class A fires
* Ordinary, solid, combustible materials
* Wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics
53
Class B fires
* Flammable and combustible liquids and gases
* Gasoline, oil, lacquer, paint, mineral spirits, alcohol
54
Class C fires
* Energized electrical equipment
55
Class D fires
* Comustible metals
* Aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, zirconium
* Particularly hazardous in powdered form
56
Class K fires
* Oils and greases found in commercial kitchens and food prep facilities using deep fryers
* Saponification turns fat and oils into soapy foam
57
Fire tetrahedron
1. Fuel (Reduicing agent)
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
4. Self-sustained chemical reaction
58
Type IV (Heavy Timber) floor:
* 3 inches thick floor decking
* 1 inch finished floor
* Decking is supported by 6x10 inch beams
59
Panic hardware
* Latch release - 15 pounds
* Door in motion - 30 pounds
60
Sprinklers can be omitted in the following areas in one-two family dwellings
* Bathrooms not over 55 square feet
* Small closets not more than 24 square feet and having a short wall that does not exceed 3 ft
* Garages
* Porches
* Carports
* Uninhabited attics
* Entrance hallways
61
Class D agents
* NA-X
* MET-L-X
* LITH-X - does not form a crust on the burning metal
62
Dry chemical agents
* Sodium bicarbonate - Also know as ordinary dry chem
* Potassium bicarbonate - **Purple-K; most effective on Class B and C fires; same amount of this as sodium bicarb can put out a fire twice the size**
* Monoammonium phosphate - Multipurpose dry chem; effective on A, B, C fires
63
Ionization detectors
* Changes in humidity and atmospheric pressure can cause false alarm
* Cooking fat/grease
* Flammable liquids
* Newspapers
* Paint
* Cleaning solutuions
64
Photoelectric detectors
Best suited for:
* Living rooms, bedrooms and kitchens
* These rooms have large pieces of furniture and create more smoke than flames
* Responds more quickly to smoldering fires than ionization detectors
65
Protected premise (Local alarm) system
* Alerts only buildings occupants
* No provisions for offsite reporting
* Can be activated manually (pull station) or by automatic device (smoke detectors)
* **Non-coded alarm -** Simplest
* **Zoned-Annunciated alarm**
* **Addressable alarm - Most effective; can pinpoint activated device**
66
Flashover
* The rapid transition between growth and fully developed fire stages
* Not a specific event like ignition
* **When the temp in a compartment results in the simultaneous ignition of all combustible elements in the space**
* Range from approx 900o to 1,200o
* Fuel must have sufficient heat energy to develop flashover conditions
* Ventilation is the 2nd factor, a developing fire must have sufficient oxygen to reach flashover
67
The most fundamental fuel characteristics influencing fire development are \_\_\_\_
Mass and surface area
68
Type II construction
* Composed of building materials that will not contribute to fire spread
* Consists of noncombustible materials that do no meet the stricter requirements of those used in Type I
* Most common - metal framing, metal cladding, or concrete block walls w/ metal deck roofs supported by open web steel joists
* Used when fire risk is low or when fire suppression and detection systems are designed to meet the hazard load
* Can have combustible roof systems, flooring and display areas
* Also combustible features can include balconies or wall coverings for aesthetic purposes
69
Type III construction
* Used when building churches, schools, apartments, or mecantile structures
* Required exterior walls to be of noncombustible materials and interior elements be constructed of any material permitted by code
* Brick, concrete, and reinforced concrete are used for exterior and interior nonbearing walls
* Floors, roofs, and interior nonbearing framing and partitions are constructed of small dimension wood or metal stud systems
70
Type V construction
* Known as wood frame or frame construction
* Exterior bearing walls are made entirely of wood and other combustible materials
* A veneer of brick or stone may be used over wood framing
* Common example is single family dwelling
* Most often consists of 2x4 inch studs, steel or aluminum studs, or wood sill plates
71
Type I construction
* Composed of only noncombustible or limited combustible materials
* Provides the highest level of safety
* Can be expected to remain structurally stable for duration of fire resistance of members
* All structural members are made of ony noncombustible materials and posess a high fire-resistance rating
* Reinforced concrete and precast concrete along with protected steel frame construction
72
Type IV construction
* Also know as Heavy Timber
* Uses large-dimensioned lumber (greater than **4 inches** for all structural members)
* Any materials used and not composed of wood must have a fire-resistance rating of **1 hour**
* Extremely stable and more resistant to collapse than other types not protected by fire suppression system
* When on fire, elements form an insulating effect derived from timbers own char
* Exterior walls composed of noncombustibles
* Interior elements are solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces
73
Masonry walls
* Minimum of 6 inches thick
* Thickness depends on the height of the building and method of construction
* Course - Bricks laid side by side in a horizontal layer
* Wythe - Horizontal course laid on top of each other in a vertica layer
* The strength and stability of wall are derived from the weight of the masonry and horizontal bonding between adjacent wythes
* Stretcher course - bricks are placed end-to-end
* Soldier course - bricks are placed vertically on end
* Header course - bricks are laid flat on its bed; face perpendicular to the face of the wall; bonds two wythes
74
Curtain walls
* When a building is constructed using a structural frame for its main structural support, the exterior wall functions only to enclose the building
75
Enclosure walls
* Use to encompass vertical openings such as stairwells, elevator shafts and pipe chases
* The fire resistive walls used for shaft and enclosure walls must be fire barriers
* Walls must have fire resistance rating of 1 or 2 hours depending on height building
* Usually non-load bearing; sometimes with masonry stair enclosures
76
Stairs
* Must be at least 44 inches wide
* 36 inches wide if occupant load for all floors is less than 50 people
* Stair treads must be solid and slip-resistant
* Landings must be provided so that no flight of stairs are greater than 12 feet
* Handrails are required
* Stairs that are really wide may have to have intermediate handrails in middle
* Treads and risers must be in good condition
* 3 stories or less = 1 hr fire rating
* 4 stories or more = 2 hr fire rating
* Doors are 1 hr for 1hr rated enclosure and 1.5 hr for 2 hr rated enclosure
77
High rise buildings
* Min riser is 4 inch for building less than 100'
* Min riser is 6 inch for buildings over 100'
* When a class I or Class II standpipe exceeds 100', the top 100' ft is allowed to be 4"
* Class II risers - 2" for buildings less than 50 ft; 2½" for buildings over 50'; buildings over 275' must be divided into sections
* Combined standpipe and sprinklers - min is 6"
* Locate all standpipes so that any part of floor within 130' of the hose connection; 100 foot hose with 30' fire stream
* Standpipe connection commonly located in noncombutible fire-rated stair enclosures
* Actual hose connections cannot be located no more than 6' from floor level
78
NA-X (Class D agent)
* Class D extinguisher
* Sodium, potassium, sodium-potassium alloy
* **NOT suitable for magnesium**
* Forms an encasing crust
* Causes oxygen deficiency
* For use on burning materials at fuel temps up to 1,400o
79
MET-L-X (Class D agent)
* Used on **magnesium**, sodium, potassium
* Forms crust
* Non-abrasive, no known toxic effects
80
LITH-X
* Graphite based
* Extinguishes by conducting heat away from the fuel after a layer of the powder has been applied
* Lithium, magnesium, zirconium, sodium
* Does not form a crust
81
Extinguisher placement
* Extinguishers less than 40 lbs should be installed so that the top of the extinguisher is not more than 5 ft above the floor
* Greater than 40 lbs, except wheeled types - 3.5 ft
* Clearance between bottom extinguisher and the floor should never be less than 4 inches
82
Lumberyards
* Primary hazard = high fuel load
* Conditions that equal serious proportions: Large, undivided stacks of materials; congested storage conditions; delayed fire protection; inadequate fire protection; combos of Class A and B materials close proximity
* Lumber stacks must be located on solid ground
* Heights of stacks must not exceed 20'
* Driveways must be spaced so that a maximum grid system of not more than 50'x150' is produced
83
Fire watch
* Must be maintained 30 minutes after any job is completed
* Must monitor 35' radius
84
Fire lanes
* Fire lanes must extend to within 150' of all portions of the building
* Minimum of 16' wide; 20' adjacent to buildings for one way travel; 24' for 2 way travel
* Vertical clearance must be a minumum of 13.5'
85
3 key elements to an evacuation plan
1. Evacuation routes
2. Monitor duties
3. Employee/occupant duties
86
Emergency evacuation drills should be conducted a minimum of ___ per year
Twice
87
Chemical heat energy
* Energy that is released when 2 or more chemicals combine and react with one another
* Most common source of heat in combustion reactions
88
Mechanical heat energy
* Created by friction and compression
* Heat of friction: When 2 surfaces move against each other
* Heat of compression: When a gas is compressed
89
Electrical heat energy
* Generated as electrical current passes through a conductor such as copper wire
* Overcurrent or overload: Unintended resistance heating
* Arcing: High temp luminous electrical discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation
* Sparking: Luminos particles that form and spatter away from the point of arcing
90
Suction tanks
* Located at ground level and provide a water supply source for pressure increasing fire pumps
* Usually 100,000 to 300,000 gallons
* But 5,000 to 1,000,000 may be found
91
Pressure tanks
* Used for limited fire protection services
* Contain water under air pressure
* Should be provided with low/high water-level and air-pressure supervision gauges
* Range from 3,000 - 9,000 gallons
92
Fixed-temperature heat detectors
* Inexpensive
* Least prone to false activations
* Slowest to activate under fire conditions
* Must be placed in ceilings, atriums
* Low - Uncolored - 100 -134
* Ordinary - Uncolored - 135-174
* Intermediate - White - 175-249
* High - Blue - 250-324
* Extra High - Red - 325-399
* Very Extra High - Green - 400-499
* Ultra High - Orange - 500-575
93
Plot plan
Indicates how buildings are situated with respect to other structures and streets in area
94
Floor plan
Shows the layout of individual floors, subfloors, and roofs
95
Elevation view
Shows side views of structures depicting # of floors and grades of surrounding ground
96
3 factors to determine if inspector needs to obtain and administrative warrant
1. Severity of the nature of the complaint
2. Type of occupancy
3. Location within the occupancy
97
Fire walls
* Can be constructed with fire ratings of 2 or more hours
* Highest required is 4 hours
* Allow a reduction in hourly rating when a building has sprinklers
* Fire walls must extend beyond roofs to prevent the **radiant** heat from igniting adjacent surfaces
98
Fire doors
* Rates as 4, 3, 1.5, 1, 3/4 and 1/3
99
Class B extinguishers are rated from 1-B through 640-B
The number indicates the approx area in square footage of fire involved
100
Protected stairs
* 1 or 2 hours depending on building height
* Penetrations for building services are prohibited... only light and fire protection
* non combustible or limited combustible construction
101
Flame spread ratings
* Class A (0-25) - vertical exits
* Class B (26-75) - corridors that provide exit access
* Max flame spread rating is 200
102
Steel
* Alloy of iron and carbon
* Common structural steel has less 0.3% carbon
* Cast Iron has 3-4% carbon which produces hard but brittle material
* Lower carbon = less likely to break
* Flame resistant but can melt
103
Disadvantages of steel
1. Tendency to rust when exposed to air and moisture
2. Loss of strength when steel is exposed to fire
Factors when steel fails
* Mass of steel members
* Intensity of fire
* Load supported by steel
* Type of structural connections
Bar joists or slender trusses fail early
Massive steel beams and girders usually stay in place under heavy fire
104
Rigid frames
* Used for one story industrial buildings, farm buildings
* Used for spans from **40-200 ft**
* Top is known as **crown**
* Points where inclined members intersect the vertical members are **knees**
* Must be braced diagonally
105
Post and beam framing
* Columns (posts) and beam dimensions are less than heavy timber but greater than light-frame
* Posts are usually 4x4 or 6x6
* Posts spaced **4-12 ft**
* Interior wood is left exposed
106
Heavy timber
* Columns are not less than **8x8**
* Beams (except roof beams) are not less than 6x10
* Mortise and tenon joint: Timber member is cut to fit into a recess in a mating member
* Heavy timbers cut from a single log are usually not greater than 20 ft
107
Party walls
* A wall that lies on a lot line between 2 buildings and is common to both buildings
* Erected to limit the max spread of fire
* Almost always load bearing walls
* Frequently function as fire walls and extend through the roof
* Common location for breach is in attic or cockloft
* Against code to breach party wall for any reason
108
3 Roof categories
1. Flat
2. Pitched
3. Curved
109
Trusses
* Made of a group of triangles in one plane
* Use less material and lighter than a beam or joist for an equal span
* Reduced mass makes them vulnerable to early failure
* Span lengths run from **10-over 60 ft**
110
5 Door types
1. Swinging
2. Sliding
3. Folding
4. Vertical
5. Revolving
111
Escalators
* Move at speed of either 90 or 120 ft per minute
112
Lead acid batteries contain the following 2 hazards
1. Sulfuric acid
2. Metallic lead
113
Egress doors
* Must be 36" wide but no more than 48" wide
* Must be wide enough to fit the # of people expected to travel through the door in an emergency
* Floor must be level on each side of door
114
Hydrant inspections and flow test should be conducted:
1. Inspections - Annually
2. Flow test - Every 5 years
115
Wet chemical extinguishers
* Most effective on deep fat fryers
* Typically composed of water and either **potassium carbonate, potassium citrate, or potassium acetate**
* The generation of soapy foam is called saponification which occurs as a result of reactions with fats and generates steam
116
5 major stationary fire pumps
1. Horizontal split case pump - Most common
2. Vertical split case pump
3. Vertical inline pump
4. Vertical turbine pump
5. End suction pump
117
CO2 Systems
* High pressure, CO2 is stored at a pressure of about 850 psi
* Low pressure: Protects much larger hazards and is stored at 300 psi at 0oF
118
Gypsum board types
* Regular: Used for most applications
* Water-resistant
* Type X: Fire rated assemblies
* Type C: Fire rated assemblies
* Foil-backed: Eliminates the vapor barrier in outside walls
* Coreboard: Shaft walls and solid partitions
119
Angle of approach
Generally and **angle of 8o **is necessary to allow apparatus to drive onto lane without striking the ground with that tailboard or front bumper
120
3 common types of portable fire extinguishers
1. Stored-pressure: Air-pressurized water most common
2. Cartridge-operated: CO2 or nitrogen; found in industrial ops (paint spraying or solven manufacturing)
3. Pump-operated: Limited to the use of water
121
Alphabetical Letter Designations
Fire Doors
* A - Openings in fire walls that divide a structure into separate fire areas
* B - Vertical shafts
* C - Rooms and corridors; 1 hr or less
* D - Severe
* E - Moderate
122
Protected Premises (Local)
* Transmits both a visible and an audible alarm only within the immediate premises
* No off-site reporting
* Alert building occupants
* Activated by pull stations or detectors
3 Types
* **Noncoded** - Simplest; All alarms simultaneously; Not capable of identifying device; small occupancies
* Zoned/Annunciated - General location; building, floor, zone
* Addressable - Most effective; each device connected to specific indicator on FACP
123
Auxiliary Fire Alarm
* Connected to municipal fire alarm system
* Alarms are transmitted to telecommunications center
* Same equipment; same alarms as manual fire alarm boxes
2 types:
* **Local energy system** - Own power source
* Shunt system - Connected to an integral part of the municpal fire-alarm system; depends municipal system power
124
Proprietary
* Large commercial and industrial buildings; high rises, college campuses
* Each building has its own system connected to a common receiving point in the facility
* Reps of occupant summon fire thru telephone or system controls
125
Central Station
* Receiving point is located outside the protected premises and is monitored by a contracted service
126
Remote Receiving
* Common in localities not served by central station systems
* Connected thru leased telephone line
* Radio signal may also be used
127
Rate of rise heat detectors
* **Pneumatic Line** - Tubing arranged over a wide area of coverage
* **Pneumatic Spot** - Self-contained
* **Rate-compensation** - Areas w/ reg temp changes but slower than fire conditions; bimetallic sleeve; 2 bowed struts
* **Electronic spot-type** - One or more thermistors
128
Nature of hazard
Light, Ordinary, Extra
* Light hazard = Classrooms, churches, assembly halls
* Ordinary = Mercantile storage, light manufacturing, parking garages, warehouses below 12' of storage
* Extra = Auto repair shops, painting facilities, manufacturing ops that use flammable liquids, restaurant w/ deep fat fryers; high piled storage
129
True Scalar
*
130
NFPA 86 Standard on Ovens and Furnaces
* Class A - Atmospheric pressure; potential for explosion when flammable volatiles are processed or heated
* Class B - Atmospheric pressure; No volatiles are being heated
* Class C - Potential hazard due to a flammable material or special atmosphere present; any type of heating system; integral quench furnaces and molten salt bath furnaces
* Class D - Operates from above ambient to over 5000oF; below atmospheric pressure; any type heating;
131
Residential sprinkler systems
* Omitted from
* Bathroom \< 55 sf
* closets \< 24 sf and wall \< 3ft
* garages
* porches
* carports
* uninhabited attics
* entrance hallways
* spacing 144 sf per sprinkler
* spacing between sprinklers = 12 ft
* distance from wall = 6ft
* minumum pipe size = 1/2 inch
* 18 gpm
* 2 or more = 13 gpm
132
Horizontal split-case pump
* Most common
* Drive shaft on horizontal plane w/ pump one end of shaft and driver (motor) on the other
* Not self-priming (cannot draft)
* 500-1500 gpm
133
Vertical split-case pump
* Similar to horizontal split-case
* Impellar shaft runs vertically
* Always by electic motor that sits on top of the pump
* 500-1500 gpm
134
Vertical inline pump
* Fits into the intake/discharge line w/ driver located above the inline impeller
* ease of installation;ease of maintenence
* up to 1500 gpm; 165 psi
135
Vertical turbine
* Well pumps in nonfire-protection applications
* Multi stage
* up to 500 psi
136
Proportioners
* **Balanced pressure** - Monitor demand; adjust amount of concentrate; **concentrate from some outlets and water from other same time**
* **Around-the-pump** - **bypass line**; most common in fire trucks; does not allow foam and water at same time; if incoming pressure \> 10psi
* **Pressure proportioning **
* **Coupled** - Positive displacement
137
Polar solvents
* Alcohol
* Methanol
* MEK
138
Hydrocarbon
* Gasoline
* Diesel fuel
* Pentane
139
Recovery
* Return the operational area to a safe condition
* Debrief personnel before they leave the scene
* Return equipment and personnel to conditions before incident
140
Termination
* Critiques
* After-Action analysis
* Operational weakness
* Training needs
* Necessary procedural changes
* Required additional resources
* Plan updates/required changes
141
Blood Agents
* Arsine
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Cyanogen chloride
* Arsine
* Colorless
* Nonirritating Toxic
* Garlic odor
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Colorless
* Highly volatile
* Highly soluble
* Faint odor (bitter almonds)
* Less dense than air
* 25% of pop unable to smell it
* Cyanogen chloride
* Colorless
* Highly volatile
* Only slightly soluble
* Heavier than air
* Eyes and mucous membranes irritation
142
